Table of Content

06 September 2011, Volume 19 Issue 9

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Clinical studies about non-nutritive sucking joint massage interfere in preterm infants with gastric tube

AN Tao, WANG Hang-yan, GUO Xiao-qing, WANG Jing, PU Xiu-hong, LI Qian, QIU Meng, WU Qiong, TAN Yan-lan, LI Hong-yan, LI Yuan-yuan, GUO Na, XU Li-hua

2011, 19(9):  783-785. 

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【Objective】 To evaluate the clinical application of non-nutritive sucking touching associated with massage interfere in preterm infants fed with gastric tube. 【Methods】 68 preterm infants appropriate for gestational age and without other complications were evaluated. They were randomly divided into two groups: the intervention group and the conventional fed group. The intervention group infants accepted non-nutritive sucking and massage intervention in the case of conventional fed, all the information of preterm infants were recorded, including the duration of meconium, the last days of physiological weight loss, the retention time of gastric canal, the incidence of feeding intolerance, the incidence of complications, length of stay in hospital and other indicators. 【Results】 There were significant differences between the intervention group and the conventional fed group in the duration of meconium, last days of physiological weight loss, the retention time of gastric canal, length of stay in hospital(P<0.05). The incidence of feeding intolerance and concurrent disease in the intervention group were less than formula-fed group, the differences were also significant(P<0.05). About the complications in two groups of preterm infants, the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia was the highest, the rate of the conventional fed group was 44.1%, the rate of the intervention group was 14.7%, the difference between them was significant(P<0.05). At 40 weeks gestational age corrected, the weight, length and head circumference of the intervention group infants were better than the conventional fed group infants, and the difference between them were significant(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Non-nutritive sucking touching joint intervention play good role in promoting feeding in preterm infants.

Study on intravenous amino acid administration to late preterm infants directly after birth

KONG Xiang-yong, LIU Jing, KONG Ling-kai, ZHOU Wei-qin, ZHENG Yang, CHI Jing-han, LI Li-hua, SHANG Ming-xia, FENG Zhi-chun

2011, 19(9):  786-788. 

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【Objective】 To test the hypothesis that the early administration of amino acids (AA) 2.4 g/(kg·d) to late preterm infants is safe and resultful in a positive nitrogen balance. 【Methods】 A randomized and clinical trial was conducted. Preterm infants with gestational ages between 34W to 36⁺⁶W received either glucose and AA 2.4 g/(kg·d) from birth onward (within 2 hours after birth) (n=56) or solely glucose during the first day with a stepwise increase in AA intake to AA 2.4 g/(kg·d) on days 3 (n=59). Blood gas analysis was performed at admission and in the 2^nd, 4^th postnatal days; blood urea nitrogen levels were determined on the 2^nd day and the 4^thday after birth; nitrogen balances were determined on the 2^nd day and the 4^thday after birth. 【Results】 Modestly altered blood gas values (BE and Bicarbonate) and increased BUN levels with early AA administration in intervention group compared with those in control group (P<0.05 or <0.01 respectively). The infants in the control group had higher glucose level than those in the intervention group at the second day after birth (P<0.05). Nitrogen balance was higher in the intervention group on the 2^nd day after birth as compared with the control group, which had a negative nitrogen balance (P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 High-dose AA administration to late preterm infants can be introduced safely from birth onward and resultful in an anabolic state.

Comparison of feeding behavior between preterm/low birth weight infants and full term infants in two counties in western China

ZHOU Min, LIU Ying-hui, CHEN Li-jun, HAO Bo

2011, 19(9):  789-791. 

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【Objective】 To examine and compare infant feeding knowledge and behavior of caregivers of preterm/low birth weight(LBW) infants(preterm group) and full term infants(full term group) in two counties in western China. 【Methods】 Interviews were conducted among the caregivers of 522 preterm/LBW infants and 559 full term infants by trained interviewers using questionnaires. Information concerning infant feeding knowledge and behavior was collected. Chi-square and analysis of variance(ANOVA) test were employed to test between-group differences in demographic characteristics, feeding knowledge and behaviors. 【Results】 The proportion of caregivers who knew right duration for exclusive breastfeeding was 56.5% for preterm/LBW group and 57.3% for the full term group, while the proportions who knew the benefits of complementary foods were 34.5% and 33.7% and the proportions who thought the right time to added complementary foods to infant diet were 33.8% and 34.7%. Such differences were not statistically significant. Less preterm/LBW infants than full term infants were exclusively breastfed within six months(26.6% vs 37.5%, χ² =13.18,P<0.01) and continued to be breastfed(7.1% vs 11.8% of full term infants) up to now after complementary foods were added. Similar results existed in the proportions who began to eat complementary foods at six months(31.5% of preterm/LBW infant and 32.6% of full term infants), and those whose initial complementary food was iron-fortified infant cereal(17.4% of preterm/LBW infant and 20.6% of full term infants). No statistically significant differences were observed in those proportions. More preterm/LBW infants were given milk in their weekly menu (54.4% vs 44.8% of full term infants,χ² =9.36,P<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the proportions who took egg/meat(66.8% vs 69.0%), vegetables/fruits(41.3% vs 40.7%) each week, and who took iron-containing supplements after birth(18.7% vs 19.6%), for preterm/LBW group and full term group, respectively. 【Conclusions】 The caregivers of both preterm/LBW group and full term group lack infant feeding knowledge. The ineffective infant feeding behaviors were common among either preterm/LBW group or full term group. It is necessary to take effective and feasible measures to strength health education and to improve caregivers' infant nutrition and feeding knowledge, especially among preterm/LBW infants.

Forward-looking longitudinal study about sTfR with pregnant women, neonatal,infant's subclinical iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia

CHEN Jin, GONG Bo, SHEN Li-min, LI Hai-chuan, LI Jun

2011, 19(9):  792-794. 

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【Objective】 Through the forward-looking longitudinal monitoring anemia pregnant women and neonatal, infant's Hb, sTfR, to analysis the influence of iron metabolism of 6 months infant when pregnant women suffering from anemia. 【Methods】 Randomly selected 56 cases parturient women which Hb <100 g/L as study group, another 56 cases parturient women with gestational age at birth which Hb >110 g/L as control group. Their neonates were divided into two groups: progeny study group and progeny control group. Babies were regular check-up at birth, 42^nd day, 4^th month, 6^th month. All of them were extracted blood testing Hb, sTfR. 【Results】 Compared with controls, the pregnant women and 6 months old babies' Hb and sTfR value had very significant differences(P<0.01); Neonatal Hb and sTfR value had no significant differences(P>0.05). Anemia pregnant women's babies of 6 months old, 60.8% suffered from IDA. The normal pregnant women's babies, only 21.6% suffered from IDA. Difference was very significant(P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Pregnant women anemia is one of risk factors to cause 6^th month infant subclinical iron deficiency and IDA.

Community based injury surveillance among children of 0~6 years old in Beijing

YAN Shu-juan, CHEN Xin-xin, WAN Huan

2011, 19(9):  795-798. 

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【Objective】 To understand the pattern of child injury through community based surveillance and to provide evidence for targeted interventions. 【Methods】 Children of 0~6 years old in 2 urban and 3 rural communities in Beijing, were included in the injury surveillance system by stratified cluster sampling. Injury data were collected at community primary health care centers and community kindergartens located in these communities. 【Results】 From 2007 to 2008, an average of 8,085 children per year were covered by the surveillance. Injury incidence rates were reduced from 2.09% to 1.75%. The main causes of injury were falls (49.52%), blunt object injury(12.30%), animal injury(10.36%), burn/scald(10.03%), and traffic injury(8.09%). The main causes in urban area were falls and blunt object injuries whereas in rural area were falls, animal injuries, and traffic injuries. The majority of injuries happened at home(32.04%),kindergarten(22.98%), courtyard/stair/corridor(14.24%), road(13.59%) and public places(11.33%). Head(50.81%), upper limbs(28.80%) and lower limbs(14.24%) were injured more frequently than other parts of the body. The majority of the injuries are unintentional, minor injuries. 【Conclusions】 Community based injury surveillance provides a viable source of data collection for child injury prevention. In urban area, interventions should focus on falls and blunt object injuries, whereas dog bites and injuries resulting from children getting their feet caught in bicycle wheels are the focuses in rural area.

Relationship between developmental coordination disorder and infant and toddler motor development

QIN Zhi-qiang, HUA Jing, ZHANG Li-jun, JIN Hua, GU Gui-xiong

2011, 19(9):  799-801. 

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【Objective】 To study the motor development in children with developmental coordination disorder(DCD) during their infant and toddler's age in order to help early diagnose of DCD. 【Methods】 Movement Assessment Battery for Children(M-ABC) was used to pick up 117 children with DCD in 8 kindergartens in Suzhou city as DCD group, and 351 children were randomly selected in normal children as the control group. The children's health questionnaire and the developmental family questionnaire were filled by all the families, and the results were analyzed by univariate and multivariable unconditional logistic regression model. 【Results】 When children's gender and age were adjusted, the beginning time of independent sit and walk in DCD children was later than 8 months old(aOR=2.737,95%CI 1.007, 7.440), and 15 months old (aOR=2.632,95%CI 1.153, 6.005) respectively. 【Conclusions】 The postpone of independent sit and walk in infant and toddler's age may play an important role in early diagnose of DCD.

Exploring the neglect among children aged 3~5 years and the relationship with the parental rearing styles in Harbin city

WANG Zhong-qing, XIE Ya-chun, WANG Zhi-ming, FU Zhi-wei, CHEN Su-fen, ZHANG Hui-ying

2011, 19(9):  802-805. 

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【Objective】 Exploring the relationship among children aged 3~5 and the Parental Rearing Styles in Harbin. To study the status of child neglect among children aged 3~5 in Harbin city, and to provide evidence for the prevention measures. 【Methods】 1 148 children's parents with children aged 3～5 years were chosen from eight kindergartens in Harbin with randomly stratified and cluster sampling. They were investigated by "the evaluation questionnaire of child neglect of urban children aged 3～6 years in china" and "child rearing practices reports". 【Results】 The total neglect rate was 34.9% and neglect degree was 33.7 among children aged 3~5 in Harbin city, this result was slightly higher than the nation's average levels investigated in 2002. There was no significant difference in neglect rate and neglect degree between the male and female children. The neglect rate had no significant difference. The protection and worry, encourage achievement of father and mother in parental rearing styles were different. The acceptance, encourage independent, encourage achievement in parental rearing styles with the every degree of neglect showed significantly negative correlation. The refuse with physical neglect degree, emotional neglect degree, showed positive correlation. Punishment with medical neglect degree and safety neglect degree showed significantly negative correlation. The scores of acceptance, encourage achievement, punishment, protection and worry, encourage achievement in parental rearing styles was significantly higher than the family of neglect. 【Conclusions】 The status of child neglect among urban children aged 3~5 years in Harbin is more serious than the nation's average levels, and the relation between status neglect among children aged 3~5 and the Parental Rearing Styles in Harbin are closely related, so the relevant departments should pay attention to this issue.

Study of the influence of family factors on mother-infant attachment

DING Yan-hua, XU Xiu, WANG Zheng-yan, LI Hui-rong, WANG Wei-ping

2011, 19(9):  806-808. 

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【Objective】 To identify patterns of mother-infant attachment in Shanghai and to explore relevant influence factors. 【Methods】 The subjects included 160 healthy infant-mother dyads. Infant-mother attachment was assessed with Ainsworth's Strange Situation Strategy; Maternal sensitivity and Parental marital quality were assessed with Maternal Behavior Q-sort Manual Version 3.1 and Olson's marital questionnaire, respectively. A self-formulated questionnaire of family environment factors was completed by the infant's mother. 【Results】 Among the 160 infants, 68.2% were rated as securely attached(B) and 31.8% as insecurely attached. Of those infants rated as insecurely attached, 7.5% were characterised as avoidant(A), 21.8% as resistant(C) and 2.5% as disorganized(D). Maternal sensitivity and marital satisfaction were significantly different between securely attached infants and insecurely attached infants. Moreover, multiple caregivers in the family and infant's sleeping with other caregivers at night were more likely to be associated with insecure infant-mother attachment. 【Conclusions】 Maternal sensitivity and marital satisfaction are the important factors that influence infant-mother attachment relationship. Meanwhile, the association of high involvement of other caregivers in the family with insecure mother-infant attachment cannot be ignored. It is necessary to pay more attention to children's early attachment development and promote further studies on the subject in China.

Influence to newborn of satisfaction degree of blood glucose management to gestation period diabetes mother

LIANG Kao-wen

2011, 19(9):  809-810. 

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【Objective】 To discuss gestation period diabetes mother blood glucose management degree of satisfaction to newborn influence. 【Methods】 225 infants of diabetic mothers by the mother are not satisfied with glycemic management during pregnancy. were divided into control group (A group, 50 cases) and satisfaction group (B group, 175 cases) were observed neonatal diseases related to birth weight and fetal age and condition of brain function development. 【Results】 A group of related disorders (low blood glucose, cardiac hypertrophy and immature organs) rate, gestational age, birth weight, premature brain development abnormalities and neurobehavioral scores were significantly higher than that of B group(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The blood glucose management during pregnancy, the mother is satisfied with a direct impact on neonatal disease and prognosis, response to conventional management of infants of diabetic mother, timely monitoring and early intervention.

Changes of serum IGF-1 and leptin in female children with idiopathic precocious puberty

WANG Zhi-hua, YAN Xiao-li, LI Xiao-qing, PAN Qiu-hong

2011, 19(9):  811-813. 

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【Objective】 To investigate the changes and clinical significance of body mass index (BMI), serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and leptin in the female children with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and simple premature thelarche (SPT). 【Methods】 BMI, serum IGF-1 and leptin were detected in 28 female children with ICPP and 32 cases with SPT. 26 children with normal puberty and 30 underdeveloped children were as control group. The correlations of BMI, serum IGF-1 and leptin were analyzed. The diagnostic value of IGF-1 and leptin was evaluated in the patient with ICPP. 【Results】 The serum levels of IGF-1 and leptin in the patients with ICPP were higher than those of children with SPT and the underdeveloped children, which there was statistical significance (P<0.01). There was no statistical significance between ICPP and the normal puberty groups (P>0.05). Serum level of IGF-1 and leptin were both positively correlated with BMI (r=0.67,0.71,P<0.01) in the patients with ICPP, and there were also positive correlations between IGF-1, leptin and BMI (r=0.63,0.68,P<0.01) in the children with normal puberty. There were no correlations between IGF-1, leptin and BMI in the children with SPT and underdeveloped children. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 95.4%, 96.3% and 95.6% respectively for the diagnosis of ICPP when the serum IGF-1 was above 319.47 ng/mL. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 96.5%, 95.7% and 94.8% respectively for the diagnosis of ICPP when the serum leptin was above 6.32 ng/mL. 【Conclusions】 The serum level of IGF-1 and leptin are useful for differential diagnosis of ICPP with SPT and can be as reference factors for the diagnosis of ICPP. IGF-1 and leptin are probably the factors in the activating of the GnRH pulse secretion.

Effects of lead on the expression of DMT1 gene and protein in hippocampus in developing rats

ZHAO Zhi-hong, LIU Lin, LIU Li-ru, YOU An-min, LI Ru-mei, QIN Xue-ge

2011, 19(9):  814-816. 

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【Objective】 Explore the effects of lead on hippocampus in central nervous tissue of developing rat. 【Methods】 A total of 48 rats(30-day old) were randomly divided into 4 groups for intragastrical perfusion of lead acetate[Pb(Ac)₂]: untreated, low[2 mg/(kg·d)], medium[20 mg/(kg·d)], and high(200 mg/kg/d) dose groups. The rats were killed six weeks post perfusion. Pb content was determined in blood by using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The DMT1 gene expression was analyzed in the hippocampus by RT-PCR and western blot. 【Results】 The blood lead levels in lead treatment groups were significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.01), indicating our lead poisoning rat model was successful. No significant difference of DMT1mRNA expression; however, DMT1 protein expression increased in low dose group. In medium and high dose groups, the increase of DMT1 expression were detected in both mRNA and protein level(P<0.05 or <0.01). Our data also displayed the linear correlation between blood lead level and the expression of DMT1 gene. 【Conclusions】 The neurotoxicity induced by high blood lead level was partly mediated by over-expression of DMT1 gene in the hippocampus of central nervous system.

Effect of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy on infant neurobehavioral development

ZHAO Xue-ni, ZHAO Pu, WU Dan-hong, LI Peng-cheng, YUAN Xun-ling, WANG Xiu-juan, SUN Lu

2011, 19(9):  830-832. 

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【Objective】 To explore the neurobehavioral development condition of infants with mild or moderate neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) during early period of standard treatments. To provide the theory evidence for evaluation and study of infant neurobehavioral development with HIE. 【Methods】 Mild and moderate HIE infants were assigned into two groups based on GM1 treatment. Normal infants born in the same period at the Heilongjiang Hospital were used as control group. One-year regular visiting study was launched and infants from all three groups were assessed using Gesell table at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months old. 【Results】 1)At 3 months old, all developmental quotient (DQ) of the five items from group 1 and group 2 were lower than control group (normal infants) and there was very significant difference (P<0.001). 2) At 6 months old, there was no significant difference between group 1 (mild HIE infants) and control group (P>0.05) while significant difference exited between group 2 and control group (P<0.05). 3)At 12 months old, there was still significant difference between group 2 and control group with respect of fine movements and adaptive behavior(P＜0.05). 【Conclusions】 Mild and moderate hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may have a more slow neurobehavioral development than normal infants. As they grow up, intelligence and behavior will be gradually improved, such as coarse movement, language level and social communication. Moderate hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may have a slow improvement in fine movement and adaptive behavior. In future work, more attentions will be paid on interventions like fine movement and adaptive behavior.

Study on the therapeutic status for children with congenital hypothyroidism in Liaoning province

SONG Hui-qing, CHEN Yan-ling

2011, 19(9):  832-834. 

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【Objective】 To investigate the therapeutic status of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in Liaoning province. 【Method】 The clinical data of 364 CH cases from October 2001 to September 2008 were investigated. 【Result】 Among 364 CH cases, 254 cases were being treated, 45 cases were transient, 15 cases gave up treating after treatment, 27 cases gave up treatment after diagnosis, 5 cases died, 18 cases were lost. 【Conclusion】 The rate of treatment should be increased and the children of CH must be given standard treatment timely.

Analysis on the results of medical authentication in 5 953 disabled children in some regions in Anhui province

YE Kui, WU Jun-hua, DUAN Zhen-hua, YE Xiu, QIN Feng-yun, CHEN De-ping, FANG Ye, PAN Fa-ming, YU Guo-bin, YU yuan-xun

2011, 19(9):  834-837. 

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【Objective】 To understand the status of birth defects in some regions of Anhui provinc,and provide some scientific evidences for improving the quality of the population. 【Methods】 Disabled children who were identified by municipal expert committees during 1999-2009 and those matched medicine evaluation standards were regarded as research objects. The analyzed data were sent to Anhui Province Family Planning Commission by municipal Family Planning Committees. 【Results】 5 953 cases were identified as disabled children.There were more male disabled children than female disabled children. And 2 140 cases were genetic diseases while 3 813 cases were non-genetic. Mental Retardation among genetic diseases, took the greatest proportion of 31.54, which ranked the first in genetic diseases. Among non-genetic diseases, the top 3 diseases were cerebral palsy(24.81%) , epilepsy (11.17%)and cerebral agenesis(10.46%) . 【Conclusion】 The effective ways to reduce the amount of the disabled children could be to strengthen the dynamic management of the disabled children and to carry out the work of prenatal and postnatal care actively.

Indoor air pollution, respiratory infections, breastfeeding and asthma in children of Chinese: a meta-analysis of case-control studies in recent eight years

CHEN Min-hui, JIANG Wei-jian

2011, 19(9):  837-840. 

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【Objective】 To review published literature and perform a meta-analysis summarizing the evidence in support of the association between childhood asthma and three exposure factors (indoor air pollution by using coal for heating, respiratory infections and breastfeeding). 【Methods】 Online database were systematically searched which included China Journals Full-text Database for publications since 2002. The meta-analysis included only original studies. It was used to derive a combined odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI) and test for heterogeneity in the findings between studies. 【Results】 5 studies met inclusion criteria. Compared with control, respiratory infections conferred the most significant increased odds of childhood asthma(OR:2.26,95%CI:1.88~2.64). Similar increase in the OR of childhood asthma due to indoor air pollution(OR:0.35,95%CI:0.20~0.50) was also observed. Breastfeeding was the protective factor of childhood asthma(OR:0.36,95%CI:0.55~0.17). There was no evidence of heterogeneity that was statistically significant(P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 This analysis found strong and consistent association between respiratory infections and childhood asthma in China. It suggests that there is minor effect of indoor air pollution on childhood asthma. And breastfeeding was found to be protective factor. More works need to be done to improve breastfeeding rate because the rate shows a tendency to descend as a result of the fast rhythm of urbanism in China.

Study of the relationship between neonatal behavioral neurological assessment and blood glucose level on small for date infants

WANG Yu-fang, QI Feng-feng, JIANG Qi

2011, 19(9):  840-842. 

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【Objective】 To assess the development of behavior of small for date infants and make clear the relationship between the development of behavior and hypoglycemia. 【Method】 61 full term small for date(SFDs) and 110 full term appropriate for gestational age(AGAs) were taken up for comparative study of their behavior using neonatal behavioral neurological assessment(NBNA) and analysis of their blood sugar level. 【Results】 The study revealed that full term SFDs performed significantly poorly on all items under cluster interactive processes compared to their counterparts full term AGAs. All NABA scores decreased singnifacantly in hypoglycemia patients. 【Conclusion】 NBNA can be used to evaluate the development of behavior and hypoglycemia play an important role in the hypobehavior.

Study on risk factors of neonates hearing loss

SUN Lei, GUO Ling, YANG Jing-jing, LIU Ying, LIN Chan-chan, LIU Li

2011, 19(9):  842-844. 

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【Objective】 To analyse risk factors of neonates hearing loss. 【Methods】 Hearing diagnosis were performed among those neonates who failed second screening, acoustic impedance, distort product otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response were used to complete diagnosis. The diagnosis time was beneath 3 months age. 【Results】 Different degrees of hearing loss (including conductive hearing loss initiated by secretory otitis media) were detected in 256 neonates, serious hearing loss rate was 1.45‰. The occurrence rate of secretory otitis media was higher in hearing loss group than that in normal hearing group(χ²=57.18,P<0.001). Multivariate condition Logistic regression showed that family history was independent risk factor of hearing loss during case control study. 【Conclusions】 Half of hearing loss neonates were found secretory otitis media among the first diagnosis, family history is risk factor of neonates hearing loss. Maternal and Child Health Missions should be emphasized.

Survey and research on feeding behavior of infants and toddlers aged between 2 months and 36 months in Shanghai

XU Qiong, XU Xiu, LIU Jing, LU Ping, YAN Dong-yong

2011, 19(9):  844-847. 

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【Objective】 To obtain a systematic insight into feeding behavior of infants and toddlers in Shanghai. Main indicators included feeding behaviors, feeding activities by feeders and development of feeding skills of infants and toddlers. 【Methods】 The research adopted a cluster sampling method to conduct the questionnaire survey on 960 healthy infants and toddlers aged between 2 months and 36 months at several neighborhoods in six districts. The study recouped 873 completely-filled-in and effective questionnaires and used the SPSS 11.5 software for analysis. 【Results】 42.7% of responding parents believed that their children had feeding problems. The main feeding problems of infants included eating too little (38.0%), picky eating and finicky eating (21.4%) as well as nausea and vomiting (19.8%). The main feeding problems of children included picky eating and finicky eating (39.5%), eating too little (34.3%) and eating too slowly (32.8%). The main feeding problems included longer mealtimes, high frequency of meals, inappropriate feeding position as well as feeders' poor feeding techniques. Meanwhile, the research also found out that infants and toddlers of all ages lagged in acquiring feeding skills than those listed on the textbook. In terms of skills such as finger feeding, feeding self with help, drinking from cup with help, drinking from cup without assistance, infants and toddlers admitted in this study apparently lagged their counterparts listed on the textbook. The differences featured statistical significance (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Changing the unreasonable frequency of meals, duration of meals and feeding behaviors while promoting development of feeding skills of infants and toddlers in a proper manner will help reduce the occurrence of feeding problems and boost normal development of feeding behavior of infants and toddlers.

Study on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and nitic oxide in newborn with infection

WEI Zhao-xia

2011, 19(9):  847-849. 

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【Objective】 To study the characters of some cytokines levels in newborn with sepsis and infection. 【Method】 Cytokines were measured by sanwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and nitric acid deoxidize method. 【Results】 The plasma IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in newborn with sepsis were significantly higher than the health control group (P<0.01). The plasma IL-6 levels in common infection had no difference with the health control group(P>0.05). There were no difference of TNFα between infection with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) and pure infection(P>0.05), the levels of IL-6 were lower(P<0.01) and NO were higher (P<0.01)in the firster. 【Conclusions】 The high levels of IL-6, TNF-α and NO in newborn plasma indicate infection. TNF-α might be sensitive markers of diagnosis and degree of neonatal infection. The levels of IL-6, NO care be affected by asphyxia of newborn.

Study the impact of asthmatic children′s attendants and family

ZHANG Ying-fen, HAO Yuan-tao, FENG Li-fen, CHEN Ruo-qing

2011, 19(9):  850-853. 

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【Objective】 To explore the impact of asthmatic children′s attendants and family, and give theoretic basics of clinical treatment and health education. 【Methods】 Asthmatic Children′s main attendants completed the PedsQLTM family Impact Module. Analysis of covariance analysis was used to analyze parents′ QOL of asthmatic children of different conditions, course, or economic situation. 【Results】 The score of anxiety dimension was the lest in parents′ quality of life scores which was 70; the score of daily household activities was the lest in family function scores which was 66.67. More than 60% of respondents indicated a certain degree of impact was exist at asthmatic children's parents work and family life. No significant difference of family impact was found in different disease and course of disease(P>0.05). The difference of family impact of different economic situation with sick children was found(P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 A certain degree of impact is exist at asthmatic children′s attendants and family. Attention should be paid to psychological help and support of parents when curing asthmatic children, combine with conditions to do interpretation well, reduce the psychological burden of parents, establish confidence with the treatment, effectively control asthma conditions, ultimately improve the life's quality of children and their parents.

Survey of the defecation patterns in 503 children under 6 years old

LI Jun, LI Hai-qi

2011, 19(9):  853-855. 

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【Objective】 To identify the normal defecation patterns of children under 6 years old. 【Methods】 This study was performed on the infants and young children who were below 6 years old recruited consecutively from December 2009 to March 2010. 425 children who were visiting the Child Health Care Clinic in Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and 78 children from a local kindergarten were involved. Questionnaire was answered by the main carers for 0～24 months and 2.1～6 years respectively. The conditions of stools were included. 【Results】 At the end of the first year , over 90% children passed stools once or twice a day and had formed stools, gradually approaching adult pattern. Nearly 40%(70/207)infants formed a regular stool timing and 90.9% of them formed it before 6 month old. Among the 503 children under 6 years old, 57 had constipation(11.3％). Nearly 60% constipated children still passed stools once a day. 【Conclusions】 Age can affect the normal defecation patterns of children. Merely the frequency of stools can not make the diagnosis of constipation.

Study on the reference value of serum alkaline phosphatase of 0～16 years old in Shenyang area

WANG Yan-hua, LIAO Xin

2011, 19(9):  856-857. 

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【Objective】 To study the reference value of serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP) on minor aged 0～16 years old in Shenyang area. 【Methods】 Applying SPSS 17.0, ALP of 1 447 minor under 16 years old were analyzed by grouping.The reference value of minor serum ALP was set up by statistic methods. 【Results】 The reference value of minor serum ALP under 16 years old was set up.ALP of minor were higher than those of adult. The difference of ALP between male and female above 6 years old were significant,but were not under 6 years old. The ALP between male and female were superposed twice. The collectivity tendency were those ALP were higher in newborn and above 3 years old,but were declined under 3 years old and adolescence. 【Conclusion】 It is essential to set up the reference value of minor serum ALP.

Monitoring analysis of deaths of children under 5 in Yangzhong

LU Yue-fen,ZHU Hong-lian

2011, 19(9):  858-860. 

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【Objective】 To analyze the deaths and the major causes of deaths of children under 5 in Yangzhong and to explore the intervention measures. 【Methods】 Analyzed retrospectively the epidemic diseases of children under 5 in Yangzhong from 2001 to 2010, and knew their death rates, death constituents and relevant elements. 【Results】 The death rate of children under 5 was 9.18‰, infants 6.78‰, newly-born babies 4.85‰, children of 1～42.40‰. The death rate of children under 5 was 14.16‰ in 2001, and 2.04‰ in 2010, decreasing by 85.6%.Premature delivery, low birth weight, accidents, congenital abnormality, neonatal asphyxia, pneumonia etc, were the main causes of deaths of children under 5. 【Conclusions】 The key to decreasing the death rate of children under 5 is to attach great importance to premarital medical examination, to promote perinatal health care, to advocate women and children healthcare knowledge, to prevent birth defects and to minimize newborn deaths.

Changing trends of main causes of infant death in Shandong province from 2000 to 2009 and the intervention

LIU Xia, ZHU Yun, ZHOU Feng-rong, YUE Yuan

2011, 19(9):  860-862. 

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【Objective】 To obtain changing trends of main causes of infant mortality in Shandong province,analysis the composition of leading causes of death and change of their positions,probe into the intervention measures. 【Method】 Based on Foxfro database, the monitoring data from 2000 to 2009 on infant death were analyzed, and the infant mortality over the province and the changing trends were calculated and the changing positions were analyzed. 【Results】 The neonatal mortality had a declining trend over the province during 9 years. The neonatal mortality of 2000 and 2009 over the province was 20.47‰ and 8.47‰(χ²=7.86,P＜0.01 )respectively. Premature birth and low birth weight and birth asphyxia, which were the two leading causes of infant mortality, showed decreases during 2000 and 2009. 【Conclusions】 The neonatal mortality is on pre-position of infant death. To reduce the neonatal mortality is the key to reduce the infant mortality. A series of measures should be taken to reduce infant mortality, such as strengthening the management of perinatal care; integrating clinical and health care resources; carrying out systematic service before pregnancy, during pregnancy and after delivery; improving clinical treatment capability and capacity of maternal and child health services.