Childhood obesity has become a major public health issue, posing clear risks to children's health and future development. Effective management requires a systematic approach that includes monitoring and assessment, intervention and treatment, and long-term maintenance. National surveillance systems are essential for tracking weight trends, while interventions focus on improving diet, increasing physical activity, and strengthening health education. Long-term maintenance relies on supportive policies, financial measures, and healthy environments that help children sustain positive behaviors. In recent years, China has introduced several national policies, including the Implementation Plan for the Prevention and Control of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents (2020), and has integrated the Healthy Weight Management Action into the Healthy China Initiative. The launch of the three-year campaign on enhancing the public's weight management has further promoted a coordinated system involving government, schools, families, communities, and healthcare institutions. While progress has been made, further efforts are still needed in policy evaluation, medical-public health coordination, individual monitoring, and basic research.

Childhood and adolescent obesity has become a major global public health challenge, with a continuously rising prevalence and a trend toward younger age of onset. The escalating rates of childhood obesity significantly increase the risk of various complications, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), asthma, and obstructive sleep apnea, substantially elevating the long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, lifestyle interventions centered on nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral modification are the first-line weight management strategies recommended by both domestic and international guidelines, with exercise intervention being a critical component. However, obese children commonly face challenges such as low levels of physical activity, prolonged sedentary time, and insufficient exercise participation, which severely limit intervention effectiveness. This review systematically elucidates the core role and underlying physiological mechanisms of exercise in weight management for obese children. First, exercise directly counteracts positive energy balance and fat accumulation through multiple pathways: increasing total energy expenditure, enhancing skeletal muscle fat oxidation capacity, improving insulin sensitivity, promoting lipolysis, and regulating appetite-related hormones. Second, regular exercise effectively ameliorates obesity-related chronic low-grade inflammation by reducing levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as C-reactive protein (CRP),interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while promoting the release of anti-inflammatory factors like IL-10 and beneficial myokines including irisin and IL-15, thereby exerting synergistic health-promoting effects at both metabolic and immune levels. In conclusion, exercise represents an indispensable non-pharmacological intervention with dual benefits for the prevention and management of childhood obesity.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a digital-intelligence health technology-based, multi-sector collaborative model (kindergarten-family-healthcare) for obesity intervention in preschool children, in order to provide practical insights and a scientific basis for future large-scale, high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods A total of 176 children aged 4 - 6 years from a kindergarten in Jinan, Shandong Province, participated in a 3-month weight management intervention starting in April 2025. The study established atripartite intervention system involving kindergartens, families, and healthcare institutions, supported by a digital-intelligence health platform developed by the research team. Based on baseline weight status and obesity-related behavioral risks, three intervention levels were implemented: Level 1 (general children) received routine health education and growth monitoring; Level 2 (high-risk children) additionally received individualized goal setting and behavioral feedback; Level 3 (overweight or obese children) further incorporated motivational interviewing and physician guidance. Changes in anthropometric indicators and obesity-related behaviors were assessed before and after the intervention. Results After the intervention, children's BMI and BMI Z-scores significantly decreased (by 0.15 kg/m² and 0.09, respectively, P<0.01), along with significant reductions in waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage (P<0.01). Rates of overweight and obesity declined by 10.79%, 5.69%, respectively. Improvements in anthropometric measures were more pronounced among overweight and obese children. The number of children achieving the goals of reducing fried food intake and avoiding sugar-sweetened beverages increased (P<0.01). Among obese children, daily energy intake decreased by 286.44 kCal. There was also a trend toward increased physical activity and reduced sedentary time. Parents showed good compliance to intervention measures, with approximately 80% utilization of the digital-intelligent health platform and high satisfaction with participation. Conclusions A comprehensive obesity intervention model supported by a digital-intelligence health platform can effectively improve anthropometric indicators and obesity-related behaviors among preschool children. Larger and longer randomized controlled trials are warranted to further validate its effectiveness.

Objective To investigate the effects of combined exercise and dietary intervention on liver proteins and metabolites in obese mice, so as to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which this intervention ameliorates obesity. Methods Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control group, obesity group, and combined invention group, with 10 mice in each group.The control group received a standard diet for 12 weeks, whereas the obesity group received a high-fat diet for the same duration.Following 8 weeks of high-fat diet feeding, the combined invention group received 4 weeks of regular feed and moderate intensity exercise intervention.Proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed to evaluate protein expression levels and metabolite content in liver tissues across the groups at the end of 12 weeks.Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify differences among the groups. Results In comparison to the obesity group, the combined intervention group demonstrated significant upregulation of 157 proteins and 79 metabolites, as well as significant downregulation of 104 proteins and 48 metabolites.Multi-omics analysis revealed that combined exercise and diet intervention primarily influenced liver metabolism by modulating retinol, fatty acid, and linoleic acid metabolism, and bile secretion. Conclusions Combined exercise and dietary intervention significantly reduce body weight in obese mice, accompanied by alterations in hepatic retinol metabolism, bile acid secretion, and lipid-related metabolic pathways.These findings suggest that these metabolic pathways may be involved in the metabolic remodeling induced by the intervention.

Objective To analyze the body mass index (BMI) trajectories in children aged 0 - 3 years, and to explore the impact of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) patterns on these trajectories. Methods A cohort of pregnant women who delivered in Gusu District, Suzhou City from 2021—2022 was selected, and their children's height and weight were tracked from birth to 3 years of age.Latent class growth modeling (LCGM) was used to identify distinct BMI trajectories.The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to determine cumulative GWG AUC and incremental GWG AUC during pregnancy.Multivariable logistic regression was employed to examine the associations between GWG AUC quartiles and the identified BMI trajectory groups. Results Data from 10 590 mother-child pairs were analyzed.Three distinct BMI trajectories were identified: appropriate growth group, rise-then-decline group, and rapid growth group.Using the appropriate growth group as reference, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that compared to the first quartile of cumulative GWG AUC, the second (OR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.51), third (OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.07 - 1.54), and fourth (OR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.15 - 1.66) quartiles were associated with an increased likelihood of belonging to the rise-then-decline group.The fourth quartile of cumulative GWG AUC also increased the risk of the rapid growth group (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.46).Stratified analysis suggested that the associations between GWG patterns and offspring BMI trajectory risks differed between boys and girls. Conclusions Children's BMI trajectories from 0 - 3 years can be categorized into three patterns: appropriate growth, rise-then-decline, and rapid growth.Suboptimal maternal GWG patterns are associated with an increased risk of children exhibiting either the rise-then-decline or rapid growth trajectory patterns.

Objective To investigate the relationship between different levels of physical activity, sedentary time, and physical health among preschool children (aged 3 - 6 years) in specific regions of Tibet. Methods Data were obtained from the Tibetan National Physical Fitness Monitoring database, including 1 035 preschool children as study subjects. The physical fitness test assessed both body shape and physical function. The chi-square test and binary logistic regression models were used to analyze factors affecting physical health. Results The overall physical fitness qualification rate among preschool children in these Tibetan regions was 84.25%, significantly lower than the national average (P<0.001). Children exercising 3 - 4 times per week, for 30 - 120 minutes per session, and with sedentary time <2 hours per day, achieved better total physical fitness scores (P<0.05). Compared to the reference group (exercising <3 times/week), logistic regression showed that physical activity significantly increased the odds of passing the fitness qualification. This effect was observed in normal-weight preschool children (3 - 4 times/week: OR=23.88; ≥5 times/week: OR=9.54), obese children (3 - 4 times/week: OR=3.87), and children with high body fat (≥10.10%) (3 - 4 times/week: OR=9.65;≥5times/week:OR=4.97;60 - 120 min/session: OR=12.11) (all P<0.05). Conclusion Controlling sedentary time (<2h/d) and increasing physical activity (30 - 120min/session, 3 - 4 times/week) are crucial strategies for improving the physical fitness of preschool children in Tibet. For obese preschool children and those with high body fat, increasing both the frequency and duration of exercise is essential for enhancing their physical health outcomes.

Objective To develop the Obesity-Related Family Parenting Environment Assessment Scale for Preschool Children (ORFPEAS-PC) suitable for the Chinese context, and to evaluate its reliability, validity, and cross-gender measurement invariance, so as to provide a scientific assessment tool for parents and child healthcare professionals. Methods Based on the Obesity Parenting Intervention Scale (OPTION), the initial Chinese version was developed through translation and cross-cultural adaptation.After further item refinement, the ORFPEAS-PC was constructed.A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 677 preschool children and their primary caregivers from five districts in Shanghai between January to March 2025.Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α coefficient and split-half reliability.Validity was evaluated through structural validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), convergent validity[average variance extracted(AVE); composite reliability(CR)], and discriminant validity.Cross-gender measurement invariance was tested using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Results After item screening using the critical ratio method and item-total correlation analysis, 21 items were retained.Exploratory factor analysis indicated a robust scale structure (KMO=0.804, Bartlett's test of sphericity:χ²=2 407.607, P<0.001), with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 62.68%.The six extracted dimensions (food rewards, high-calorie food accessibility, healthy food accessibility, physical activity, screen use, and sleep habits) all exhibited factor loadings >0.4.Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a good model fit (χ²/df=2.250, RMSEA=0.061, IFI=0.912, CFI=0.911).Both convergent validity (AVE >0.36, CR >0.6) and discriminant validity (inter-factor correlations less than the square root of the corresponding AVE) met the standards.Cross-gender measurement invariance was established (ΔCFI<0.01、ΔTLI<0.01、ΔRMSEA≤0.015).The scale demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's α=0.828, split-half reliability=0.728). Conclusion The ORFPEAS-PC exhibits good reliability, validity, and cross-gender measurement invariance, and can serve as an effective tool for assessing the obesity-related family parenting environment among preschool children in China.

Children and adolescent obesity is an urgent public health issue to be addressed in China, and exercise is an important means to prevent and manage obesity in children and adolescents.Despite the existence of a large number of relevant studies and the formation of multiple guidelines and expert consensuses, their conclusions are scattered, the recommended contents are inconsistent, and there is a lack of systematic summary of localized recommendations.For this reason, this study systematically searched and evaluated 11 authoritative guidelines and expert consensuses in China, integrated them into 12 exercise recommendations for children and adolescent obesity, and formed a summary of the best evidence, covering recommendations on frequency, duration, methods and age-specific suggestions.It aims to provide a scientific basis for parents of children and adolescents and clinical researchers in the prevention and management of obesity, and contribute to the formulation and optimization of strategies for managing children and adolescent obesity in China.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effects of isochronous substitution of light physical activity (LPA) for sedentary behavior (SB) on body composition and cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents based on compositional data analysis. Methods Relevant literature published up to April 8, 2024, was retrieved from CNKI, PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, and Web of Science.Literature screening and quality assessment were conducted, and data on study population, age, and substitution patterns were extracted. Results A total of 32 studies were included, with 22 focusing on body composition and 10 on cardiometabolic health.For cardiometabolic outcomes, 7 short-duration substitution studies demonstrated beneficial effects, and 2 long-duration substitution studies showed positive improvements in blood lipids.Regarding body composition, 8 short-duration and 1 long-duration substitution studies reported significant improvements; 8 short-duration and 3 long-duration substitutions showed non-significant results; and 2 short-duration substitutions indicated adverse effects. Conclusion Substituting SB with LPA may partially mitigate some health risks associated with sedentary behavior in children and adolescents, although the evidence remains inconsistent and warrants further investigation.

Objective To investigate the independent effect of skeletal muscle index (SMI) on the risk of short stature in school-age children, and to analyze the moderating effects of age and sex. Methods Based on health check-up data from the Children's Hospital of Soochow University (2016—2022), 1 324 children aged 6 - 12 years were included (331 with short stature and 993 controls).Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and SMI was calculated as skeletal muscle mass/height².Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between SMI and short stature risk, adjusting for age, sex, percentage of body fat (PBF), and BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ).Sensitivity analysis was conducted using quartile grouping and restricted cubic splines (RCS) to examine the dose-response relationship.Subgroup analysis was performed to test the interaction effects of age and sex. Results For every 1-unit increase in SMI, the risk of short stature decreased by 78% (OR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.14 - 0.35).After full adjustment, the risk in the highest quartile (Q4) was 87% lower than that in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR=0.13, 95%CI: 0.08 - 0.21), with a significant dose-response trend (P_{for trend}<0.001).RCS analysis revealed a linear negative correlation between SMI and short stature risk (P_nonlinear=0.307).Subgroup analysis indicated that the protective effect of SMI was significantly stronger in boys than in girls (P_{for interaction}<0.01), while no significant moderating effect of age was observed (P_{for interaction}＞0.05). Conclusions SMI is an independent protective factor against the risk of short stature in children, with its effect showing sex heterogeneity, suggesting the critical role of skeletal muscle mass in height growth, particularly in boys.This study supports the inclusion of SMI in the child growth assessment system, providing a basis for the early identification of high-risk populations and the implementation of sex-specific interventions.

Objective To investigate the association of daily sleep duration and night-time awakenings over the preceding week with peripheral hemoglobin (Hb) levels in children aged 0 - 6 years in Northwestern China, in order to provide new evidence for anemia prevention and child health management. Methods From January 2021 to June 2023, this cross-sectional study enrolled 3 812 children aged 0 - 6 years from four provinces (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai). Basic information about the children and their sleep patterns over the preceding week (including daily sleep duration and number of night-time awakenings) were collected via a standardised questionnaire,alongside testing of peripheral blood haemoglobin levels. The Dallman method was employed to correct for the effect of altitude on haemoglobin values. Univariate analysis and multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the association between sleep parameters and Hb levels. Results After adjusting for confounders, multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that frequent night-time awakenings (≥2 times) were significantly associated with lower Hb levels compared to no awakenings (β=-0.074, P<0.001). This association remained stable across gender and age subgroups. Stratified analysis by season showed that shorter sleep duration (<10 hours) in summer (β=-0.296, P<0.001) and frequent night-time awakenings (≥2 times) in winter (β=-0.129, P<0.001) were both significantly associated with lower Hb levels. Conclusions Poor sleep continuity, particularly frequent night-time awakenings (≥2 times), is significantly associated with lower Hb levels among children aged 0 - 6 in Northwestern China. Improving the continuity of children's sleep may help maintain normal haemoglobin levels, offering a new perspective for the prevention and control of childhood anaemia.

Objective To investigate the developmental characteristics of arm span and the arm span/body length ratio in infants and young children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1 101 full-term, appropriate-for-gestational-age Han Chinese infants and young children (572 boys, 51.95%; 529 girls, 48.05%) who underwent health check-ups at the Department of Child Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from June 2022 to March 2024.Body length, weight, head circumference, arm span, and crown-rump length were measured.The arm span/body length and crown-rump length/body length ratios were calculated.Independent samples t-test was used to compare differences in indicators between sexes within the same age group.Pearson correlation analysis was employed to analyze the relationships between arm span, crown-rump length, and body length.Univariate linear regression was used to establish linear regression relationships between arm span, crown-rump length, and body length. Results There were significant differences in arm span between different genders of each age group (P＜0.05), with boys having larger measurements, while the arm span/body length ratio showed no significant gender differences (P >0.05).With increasing age, arm span and the arm span/body length ratio generally showed an upward trend in both boys and girls.The ranges of arm span were (55.3±1.9)cm to (90.4±5.1) cm for boys and (53.9±2.0)cm to (88.7±4.3) cm for girls.The ranges of arm span/body length ratio were 0.962±0.026 to 0.976±0.023 for boys and 0.957±0.025 to 0.973±0.022 for girls.Arm span was strongly positively correlated with body length in both boys and girls (r =0.988, 0.988,P <0.0001).Crown-rump length was also significantly positively correlated with body length (r=0.976 for boys, r=0.973 for girls, P<0.0001).The regression equations for arm span and body length were: Body length=0.983 × Arm span + 3.333 (R²=0.976) for boys and Body length=0.978 × Arm span + 3.868 (R²=0.976) for girls. Conclusions Arm span development in infants and young children exhibits age and sex differences.Arm span shows a strong correlation with body length and can be used to predict body length, with better predictive value than crown-rump length.The arm span/body length ratio increases with age.This study provides reference ranges for these measurements, offering valuable data for the early clinical identification of disorders characterized by disproportionate limb and trunk growth.

Objective To analyze the association between maternal perinatal vaginitis, periodontal disease, and the occurrence of allergic disease symptoms in infants within the first year of life. Methods A maternal-infant health cohort was established at Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital from June 2015 to June 2016. General demographic information of parents and infants, as well as data on perinatal vaginitis and periodontal disease, were collected. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of perinatal periodontal disease and vaginitis on the occurrence of allergic disease symptoms in infants within the first year of life. Results A total of 1 760 mother-infant pairs were included in this study. The prevalence rates of vaginitis during the three months before pregnancy, first trimester, and second trimester were 8.6%, 2.6%, and 3.2%, respectively. The prevalence rates of periodontal disease during the three months before pregnancy, first trimester, and second trimester were 44.2%, 39.3%, and 46.9%, respectively. The incidence of allergic disease symptoms in infants within the first year of life was 25.6%. After adjusting for confounding factors, vaginitis during the three months before pregnancy (OR= 1.69, 95%CI: 1.18 - 2.43) and periodontal disease during the second trimester (OR= 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.70) were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of allergic disease symptoms in infants. Conclusions Maternal prenatal vaginitis and periodontal disease are risk factors for the development of allergic disease symptoms in infants. It is recommended that women of childbearing age receive treatment for periodontal disease and vaginitis before conception.

Objective To observe the spatiotemporal gait parameters of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when crossing obstacles of different heights, in order to provide reference for developing early motor intervention programs and nursing strategies to reduce the risk of falls in ASD children. Methods From November to December 2023,thirty children with ASD (aged 5 - 7 years) and thirty typically developed children were recruited.The Footscan^® plantar pressure system was used to collect the initial contact time, duration of contact, final contact time, and whole-foot center of pressure displacement during unobstructed walking and when crossing 5 cm and 15 cm obstacles.Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare gait parameters between the two groups under the three test conditions. Results During unobstructed walking, significant differences were observed between ASD and TD children in the initial contact phase of the toe region, the final contact phase of the toe and metatarsal regions, and COP-X (P<0.05).When crossing obstacles, typically developed children showed significant differences in the initial contact phase of the metatarsal and heel regions of the leading limb compared to unobstructed walking (P<0.05), whereas ASD children showed no significant differences in the heel region across the three trials (P>0.05), with changes only in the metatarsal region when crossing the 15 cm obstacle (P<0.05). Conclusions Children with ASD exhibit insufficient plantar flexion during the loading response phase and insufficient dorsiflexion at the terminal stance during walking.They adopt a more cautious movement pattern when crossing obstacles.Unlike TD children, who are more sensitive to the presence of obstacles, ASD children are more sensitive to obstacle height.

Objective To describe the long-term trends (1985—2019) in growth, development, physical fitness, and key health indicators (obesity, myopia) among school-age children in Beijing. Methods Data were consolidated from eight National Student Physical Fitness Surveys conducted in Beijing (1985—2019), supplemented by data from the Beijing Children and Adolescents Health Cohort (BCHC) and a Tongzhou District obesity study, for a comprehensive trend analysis. Results Between 1985 and 2019, both height and weight of children showed an increasing trend, but the growth rate of weight was significantly higher than that of height. The obesity problem has become increasingly prominent: from 1985 to 2022, the obesity rate among boys surged from 0.7% to 30.2%, while girls increased from 0.6% to 19.9%. Myopia rates generally rose, but in 2019 urban children aged 7 showed a decrease compared to 2014 (boys: 34% to 19.63%; girls: 34% to 16.17%). Changes in physical fitness were complex: rural children's lung capacity decreased between 2000—2010 but recovered significantly during 2010—2019; during the same period, rural children's 50 m race times shortened (indicating improved speed), whereas urban boys' times lengthened (indicating slower speed). For staminal running, both urban and rural boys and girls initially showed prolonged completion times, followed by subsequent reductions. Conclusions From 1985 to 2019, Beijing children's growth levels continuously improved, but this was paralleled by a rapid increase in obesity and myopia, indicating imbalanced physical development. After 2010, rural children demonstrated a more significant improvement in physical fitness, highlighting evolving urban-rural health disparities.

Objective To analyze the distribution of outpatient visits and trends in common diseases within a children's health care center, in order to provide a scientific basis for optimizing pediatric health services and improving disease management. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Hospital Information System of the Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, from 2019 to 2024. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and linear trend χ² tests were employed to analyze the composition of chief complaints, diagnosed diseases, and their changing trends across different years. Results The total number of outpatient visits fluctuated but showed an overall upward trend from 2019 to 2024, with a 51.5% increase in 2024 compared to 2019. Children under 3 years old accounted for the largest proportion (44.4%) over the six years. The Growth and Nutrition Clinic ranked first in visit volume from 2019 to 2022 (average proportion: 38.0%), whereas the Development and Behavior Clinic took the lead in 2023—2024 (average proportion: 40.8%). In the Growth and Nutrition Clinic, parents' primary concern shifted from "nutrition and feeding" (average 42.4%) in 2019—2020 to "height" (average 40.6%) in 2021—2024. Over the six years, the concordance rate between parents' perception of stunting/short stature and clinical diagnosis significantly decreased (χ²=58.622, P<0.001). In the Development and Behavior Clinic, "language/speech problems" and "developmental delay" were the top two parental concerns from 2019 to 2023. However, in 2024, "attention issues" emerged as the second most common concern (29.9%). Similarly, the concordance rate between parents' perception of developmental behavioral issues and clinical diagnosis significantly declined over the period (χ²=19.528, P<0.001). Conclusions Over the past six years, there has been a notable increase in parental concern regarding children's height and developmental behaviors (such as attention). However, the declining concordance rate between parental perception and clinical diagnosis suggests a prevalence of parental anxiety or cognitive bias. This underscores the need for pediatric health professionals to possess multidisciplinary knowledge to effectively address children's health management needs and alleviate parental child-rearing anxiety.

In recent years, the rising incidence of childhood obesity has become a significant public health challenge.Maternal and child health (MCH) is the cornerstone of public health for all. Early life, as a critical period closely linked to MCH, is also a window of opportunity for child growth and development, making it crucial for life-cycle health management.Research indicates that maternal obesity status before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum significantly increases the risk of offspring obesity. However, the specific impacts of these different periods and the underlying developmental mechanisms are not yet fully understood. This paper reviews the association between maternal obesity at different physiological stages and offspring obesity. It further explores potential mechanisms, such as genetic factors and metabolic reprogramming, and summarizes relevant interventions.Emphasizing the importance of full-cycle prevention and control spanning the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods, this review aims to better understand and prevent early-life obesity. This is crucial for reducing the prevalence of childhood obesity and promoting maternal and child health in China.

During childhood and adolescence, significant longitudinal bone growth, rapid expansion of bone area, and substantial accumulation of bone minerals occur, making this a critical period for maximizing peak bone mass and preventing osteoporosis. Given the increasingly serious problem of childhood and adolescent obesity, the study of the relationship between obesity and bone health has become a hot topic. However, the results of the association between the two are controversial,and the underlying mechanism still needs to be further explored. This review outlines the relevant definitions and measurement methods of bone parameters, comprehensively reviews the differences in the association between various obesity parameters and bone mineral content and bone density in children and adolescents, summarizes the underlying mechanisms of the association, and provides guidance for future relevant research. It also provides theoretical support for improving the bone health of children and adolescents and preventing osteoporosis.

Penile development serves as a critical marker of male sexual maturation, primarily regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and androgen exposure.Recent evidence highlights a association between childhood obesity and aberrations in male reproductive development, with micropenis emerging as a prominent clinical concern.The pathogenesis of obesity-associated micropenis is multifactorial, involving complex interactions between endocrine dysregulation (notably HPG axis dysfunction), metabolic derangements, and chronic inflammation.Current mechanistic research focuses on elucidating obesity's impact on HPG axis dynamics.Establishing a comprehensive clinical management strategy is essential for optimizing outcomes, including accurate phenotypic characterization, targeted weight management, judicious pharmacological intervention, mechanical approaches, and integrated psychological support.

Obese children often have inaccurate weight perception, and this bias in weight perception is associated with low medical consultation rates, suboptimal obesity prevention outcomes, and an increase in obesity-related diseases. This article provides a review covering the overview of weight perception in obese children, assessment tools, influencing factors, and offers recommendations, aiming to serve as a reference for relevant personnel in conducting research and prevention of childhood obesity with a focus on weight perception.