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10 March 2026, Volume 34 Issue 3
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 233-238. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2026-0036Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently exhibit pronounced difficulties in emotion regulation, manifested as excessive emotional reactivity, slow emotional recovery, and a lack of adaptive regulatory strategies, which substantially impair social adaptation and quality of life.This article focuses on emotion regulation problems in children with ASD, systematically outlining multimodal assessment approaches and integrative intervention strategies.It further proposes that future work should strengthen the integrated use of multimodal assessment data and develop a closed-loop model that links assessment to intervention, thereby advancing early screening, precise identification, and individualized intervention for emotional difficulties in children with ASD.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 239-245. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2026-0099Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) represent one of the most promising groups of evidence-based approaches in the field of early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Although individual intervention models differ in their specific features, they are all grounded in an integration of developmental and behavioral sciences.They are based on the well-established principles developed via the science of applied behavior analysis (ABA) and use developmentally based intervention strategies and sequences to guide goal development that is individualized to each child.Evidence from recent studies suggests that NDBIs produce relatively consistent effects in improving joint attention, social engagement, language, and adaptive behaviors in children with ASD, while also enhancing the quality of parent-child interactions and family involvement.This article reviews the theoretical foundations and shared features of NDBIs, summarizes representative models, and synthesizes the current evidence base.Considering child health-care and rehabilitation service systems in China, it further discusses contextual applicability, key implementation challenges and priorities for future research, so as to inform early intervention practice and related policy development for children with ASD.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 246-249. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1449This study systematically reviews the progress of acupuncture in treating autism spectrum disorder (ASD), covering its historical origins, technological innovations, proposed hypotheses, mechanistic explorations, clinical validation, and pathways for translational research.Tracing back to classical Chinese medical records from the Sui dynasty that described symptoms resembling severe ASD, such as mental obstruction and delayed speech, the study focuses on how acupuncture activates peripheral-to-central neural pathways, promoting the release of pro-social neurotransmitters to improve brain development in individuals with ASD within the framework of modern neuroscience.Building upon preclinical findings, our team developed a transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) protocol as a standardized, noninvasive adaptation of traditional acupuncture.The protocol targets four key acupoints with optimized stimulation parameters, including Hegu (LI4), Neiguan (PC6), Zusanli (ST36), and Sanyinjiao (SP6).Multicenter clinical trials demonstrate that integrating TEAS to standardized behavioral therapy significantly enhances therapeutic efficacy, particularly among children with aloof/passive social phenotypes.Consistent changes in peripheral plasma levels of oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), alongside multi-modal brain imaging (structural MRI, resting-state fMRI, and DTI) support the hypothesis that TEAS acts via the OXT pathway to promote sensory integration, enhance social motivation, and reduce anxiety.Clinical assessments and parental follow-up data confirmed the consistent and reproducible benefits.Finally, we further outline a translational roadmap integrating phenotype-based assessment, individualized stimulation parameter optimization, multimodal biomarker systems, and home-based implementation.Large-scale, multicenter, stratified, and multi-omic studies are further warranted to validate generalizability and further elucidate the causal molecular-to-network mechanisms underlying TEAS-mediated neurobehavioral improvement.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 250-254. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2026-0035Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core symptoms such as deficits in social interaction, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted interests accompanied by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.Currently, modern medicine lacks targeted pharmacological treatments for ASD, and clinical management primarily relies on educational interventions and behavioral therapies.As an essential component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), scalp acupuncture therapy involves the stimulation of specific acupoints and functional regions on the scalp to directly modulate cortical activity and regulate brain function.In recent years, this therapeutic approach has demonstrated unique advantages and promising potential in the rehabilitation of children with ASD.This article systematically reviews the theoretical foundations of scalp acupuncture from both TCM and Western medical perspectives, with a focus on pediatric neurorehabilitation for ASD.It examines principles of acupoint selection, technical procedures, and key considerations in clinical practice.Furthermore, it discusses the underlying mechanisms of action, aiming to establish evidence-based protocols for the clinical application of scalp acupuncture in ASD rehabilitation.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 255-259. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1399This article provides a systematic overview of the clinical procedures and key techniques used in developmental-behavioral pediatric(DPB) outpatient services, and explores approaches to establishing standardized and homogeneous service models within the context of China′s healthcare system, so as to provide a practical framework for pediatricians and child health practitioners. Drawing on relevant chapters from authoritative texts such as Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics and integrating national expert consensuses and guidelines on major neurodevelopmental disorders, the paper clarifies the functional positioning and workflow of DBP clinics, optimizes the application of assessment tools, emphasizes diagnostic communication and family empowerment, and highlights the importance of team development and quality control. These efforts are expected to support the transition of DBP clinics from isolated specialty units to routine components of child health services, and to provide references for promoting early identification, early intervention, and continuous management of neurodevelopmental and behavioral-emotional problems among children in China.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 261-266. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1295Objective To explore whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children can rely on visual feedback to improve motor learning adaptability, so as to reveal the biological basis of perceptual-motor integration in ASD children and to provide empirical evidence and theoretical support for developing motor intervention based on adaptive difficulty regulation. Methods From July 2022 to December 2023, 21 children with ASD who received rehabilitation training at the Wuhan Linjie Children′s Rehabilitation Service Center, as well as 21 typically developing (TD) children attending five primary schools and kindergartens in Wuhan, participated in a computerized visuomotor adaptation experiment.The experiment consisted of three phases: baseline, adaptation (with a 30° counterclockwise rotation of visual feedback), and post-adaptation.Directional error (DE), movement time (MT), and root mean square error (RMSE) were selected to examine visuomotor learning ability. Results During the adaptation phase, as the number of exercises increased, both ASD and TD children showed significant improvements in DE, MT, and RMSE (F=5.445, 13.473, 11.196, P<0.05), and there were no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).In the post-adaptation phase, ASD children showed a significantly greater improvement in RMSE compared to their baseline performance (t=2.275, P<0.05) and this improvement was significantly greater than that of TD children (t=2.112, P<0.05). Conclusions ASD children can update their internal model through visual feedback, especially in motor control ability.Future motor learning and intervention programs for children with ASD should incorporate specific visual aids to improve intervention outcomes.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 267-271. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0157Objective To investigate the causal relationship between subcortical brain structures and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, in order to identify potential biomarkers for early ASD diagnosis. Methods The data related to children′s subcortical brain structure and ASD were extracted from the open data of the genome-wide association study (GWAS), and the two-sample Mendelian randomization method was used for causal inference.The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method served as the primary analysis, supplemented by MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode methods to address IVW limitations.Quality control was conducted using Cochran′s Q test, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out analysis. Results Three subcortical structural phenotypes showed causal associations with ASD: 1) The bilateral caudate nucleus volume was positively correlated with ASD (IVW: OR=1.220, 95%CI: 1.088 - 1.369, P=0.001); 2) the interaction between bilateral nucleus accumbens volume and prenatal stress exhibited a negative association with ASD (IVW: OR=0.850, 95%CI:0.734 - 0.983,P=0.029); 3) bilateral intracranial volum×postnatal stress interaction was negatively correlated with ASD (IVW: OR=0.878, 95%CI:0.780 - 0.988, P=0.031).Sensitivity analyses confirmed robust findings. Conclusions Increased bilateral caudate nucleus volume may represent a risk biomarker for ASD, while the protective interaction effects of nucleus accumbens volume × prenatal stress and intracranial volume × postnatal stress could mitigate ASD risk.These findings may provide potential neuroanatomical markers for early ASD detection.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 272-277. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0745Objective To analyze the association between childhood exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides (NEOs) and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods This case-control study enrolled 30 children with ASD and 28 typically developed children from Wuhan Children′s Hospital.Serum concentrations of NEOs and their metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between individual NEO exposure and ASD risk, and the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression model was employed to analyze the association between mixed NEO exposure and ASD risk. Results Concentrations of 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI), desmethyl-thiamethoxam (NTHM), and sulfoxaflor (SFX) were significantly higher in the ASD group compared to controls(t=6.964, 2.276, 2.182, P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that 5-OH-IMI and NTHM were significantly associated with increased ASD risk (OR=47.738, 3.263, P＜0.05).WQS analysis indicated that mixed NEO exposure was positively associated with ASD risk (OR=7.83, 95% CI: 0.48 - 15.18). Conclusions This study found a significant association between NEO exposure and increased ASD risk.However, the specific mechanisms underlying this association require further investigation.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 278-283. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-1303Objective To explore the association of early postnatal antibiotic exposure with the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the occurrence of gastrointestinal comorbidities in ASD, so as to provide theoretical basis for the prevention of certain cases of ASD. Methods A case-control study was conducted, including children diagnosed with ASD at the Child Psychology Clinic of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from January 2022 to December 2023 as the ASD group.Healthy children of similar gender and age were recruited from the Child Health Clinic during the same period as the control group.Data on general information, gastrointestinal symptoms, and antibiotic exposure within the first two years of life were collected through questionnaires.Logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the association between early antibiotic exposure and the occurrence of ASD, as well as its role in gastrointestinal symptoms comorbid with ASD. Results The proportion of early antibiotic exposure was significantly higher in the ASD group compared to the control group (37.2% vs. 18.8%, χ2=42.407, P<0.001).The incidence rates of overall gastrointestinal symptoms, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and foul-smelling stools were significantly higher in the antibiotic-exposed ASD group compared to the non-exposed ASD group (67.6%, 42.2%, 25.4%, 9.7%, 17.3% vs. 39.4%, 25.3%, 8.7%, 5.1%, 7.1%, respectively, P<0.05).After adjusting for gender, age, early residence, maternal education, maternal age at pregnancy, gestational age, delivery mode, feeding method, and early family annual income, logistic regression analysis revealed that early antibiotic exposure was a risk factor for ASD (OR=2.21, 95%CI: 1.61 - 3.05, P<0.001) and for gastrointestinal comorbidities in ASD (OR=3.17, 95%CI: 2.14 - 4.70, P<0.001).For specific gastrointestinal symptoms, both unadjusted and adjusted models indicated that early antibiotic exposure increased the risk of constipation (OR=2.03), abdominal pain (OR=3.90), and foul-smelling stools (OR=3.06) in children with ASD(P<0.001). Conclusions Early antibiotic exposure may increase the risk of ASD and gastrointestinal comorbidities in ASD.Therefore, unnecessary antibiotic use in early life should be avoided.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 284-289. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1106Objective To explore the association between early screen exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like behavior in high-risk toddlers, and to examine the mediating role of the family nurturing environment, so as to provide evidence for early intervention of ASD-like behavior. Methods A total of 377 high-risk toddlers aged 18 to 35 months, who underwent re-screening at the Hefei Women and Children′s Health Center from January to December 2024, were enrolled.Data on basic information and screen exposure were collected via questionnaires.ASD-like behavior was assessed using the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), and the family nurturing environment was evaluated using the 1-3 Year Old Children′s Family Nurturing Environment Questionnaire (Urban Version).Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between screen exposure and ASD-like behavior.The mediating effect of the family nurturing environment was tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results Among the 377 high-risk toddlers, 96 (25.5%) exhibited ASD-like behavior, and 182 (48.3%) had high screen exposure.The average total score of the Family Nurturing Environment Scale is (131±19.63).Compared with children without ASD-like behavior, those with ASD-like behavior had a significantly higher rate of high screen exposure and lower scores in the social adaptation/self-care dimension of the family nurturing environment (both P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that high screen exposure was a risk factor for ASD-like behavior (OR=1.710, 95%CI: 1.055 - 2.771, P=0.029).Mediation analysis revealed that the social adaptation/self-care dimension of the family nurturing environment played a full mediating role between screen exposure and ASD-like behavior (significant indirect effect, 95%CI: 0.001 - 0.042). Conclusions The social adaptation/self-care dimension of the family nurturing environment fully mediates the relationship between early screen exposure and ASD-like behavior in high-risk toddlers.Optimizing the family nurturing environment, particularly enhancing the quality of parenting in the social adaptation/self-care dimension, may help alleviate the adverse effects of screen exposure on ASD-like behavior in young children.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 290-295. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0989Objective To investigate the effects of TAK-242, a specific Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor, on autism spectrum disorder(ASD)-like behaviors and neuroinflammation in offspring rats induced by maternal immune activation (MIA), so as to provide an experimental basis for early ASD intervention. Methods Thirty pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into control group, LPS, and TAK-242 intervention group (n=10 per group).On gestational day 9.5 (G9.5), the LPS and TAK-242 groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 100μg/kg LPS, while the control group received an equivalent volume of PBS.The TAK-242 group received a pre-injection of 3mg/kg TAK-242 2 hours before LPS administration.Male offspring underwent behavioral tests at 6 - 8 weeks of age to assess their social behavior and cognitive function.Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the dams and offspring were measured using ELISA.In the offspring, the expression of inflammatory factors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was detected by qRT-PCR, while microglial morphology and the expression of the marker Iba-1 were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, the LPS group showed significantly elevated serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in both dams and offspring (P<0.001).Offspring in the LPS group exhibited ASD-like behavioral abnormalities, including increased marble burying, reduced central zone duration in the open field, decreased social index, and impaired learning and memory (F=9.811, 14.490, 31.750, 5.250, P<0.05).Furthermore, the LPS group demonstrated up-regulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors and down-regulated mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory factors in the PFC (P<0.001), along with microglial activation (characterized by enlarged cell bodies and shortened processes) and increased Iba-1 expression.TAK-242 intervention significantly ameliorated all these abnormalities (P<0.05). Conclusions TAK-242 ameliorates MIA-induced ASD-like behaviours in offspring by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway, potentially through modulating microglial polarization and attenuating neuroinflammation.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 296-300. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0381Objective To explore the influence of early infant feeding practices on psychological development at 6 months of age through a cohort study, so as to provide evidence-based support for scientific infant feeding and developmental promotion. Methods A multicenter prospective cohort study design was adopted, recruiting 417 infants aged 3 months from four municipal and provincial maternal and child health hospitals in 2019.Infants were divided into exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding groups based on their feeding mode, and were followed up until 6 months of age when their psychological development was assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (ASQ-3) across five domains: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social skills.Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between infant psychological development and feeding practices, as well as influencing factors. Results A total of 369 infants were included, with 218 (59.08%) in the exclusive breastfeeding group and 151 (40.92%) in the formula feeding group.The mean ASQ total score was 246.768±35.834 for the exclusive breastfeeding group was significantly higher than that in the formula feeding group (230.042±45.322) (t=3.697, P<0.001).Comparisons of scores across domains showed that infants in the exclusive breastfeeding group also significantly scored higher in gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal-social skills (P<0.05).After controlling for factors such as infant gender, ethnicity, delivery mode, maternal age, maternal education level, family structure, monthly per capita household income, and whether the infant was an only child, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months of age was a protective factor for infant psychological development at 6 months (β=15.106,95%CI: 6.790 - 23.421), particularly for the gross motor (β=4.767, 95%CI:1.886 - 7.649), fine motor (β=2.158, 95%CI: 0.050 - 4.267), problem-solving (β=2.834, 95%CI:0.755 - 4.912), and personal-social domains (β=4.671, 95%CI: 1.905 - 7.437). Conclusions Exclusive breastfeeding within the first 3 months of life positively promotes infants′ psychological development at 6 months of age.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 301-306. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0010Objective To examine the mental health status of rural children and adolescents aged 10 - 18 years in Central China and its association with active bullying behaviors, so as to provide evidence for mental health promotion and bullying prevention interventions in this population. Methods From September to November 2023, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 8 462 primary and secondary school students aged 10 - 18 years in Henan, Hubei, and Hunan in Central China.Standardized questionnaires assessed mental health and active bullying behaviors.Statistical analysis evaluated their associations. Results The detection rate of active bullying behaviors was 10.36% (877/8 462) among rural adolescents aged 10~18 years in Central China.Significant differences in bullying rates were observed across gender, only-child status, academic performance, smoking, alcohol use, and family relationship variables (χ2=104.678, 4.015, 34.662, 43.848, 226.738, 92.497, 55.722, 100.536, P<0.05).Logistic regression revealed strong associations between active bullying and mental health dimensions including hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, academic stress, and emotional instability (OR=1.29 - 3.79) (P<0.05).There was a linear association of hostility (β=0.43), interpersonal sensitivity (β=0.38), and emotional instability (β=0.29) with active bullying behavior (P<0.01). Conclusions Rural adolescents in Central China demonstrate concerning rates of active bullying, with linear trends between bullying risk and severity of specific mental health problems.Targeted interventions addressing these psychological factors may effectively reduce bullying behaviors and promote healthy adolescent development.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 307-313. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0983Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of internalizing and externalizing problems among primary and secondary school students in a county of Pu′er City, in order to provide a reference for the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies. Methods In December 2023, a random cluster sampling method was adopted to select 830 students from the fourth grade of primary school to the third grade of senior high school in the surveyed county.Data were collected using the student version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Event Check List, and a self-designed questionnaire.The current status and influencing factors of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems among the students were analyzed. Results The detection rates of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems were 21.33% (177/830) and 22.53% (187/830), respectively, with 11.20%(93/830) of students exhibiting both types of behavioral problems.Protective factors for externalizing problems included a moderate (OR=0.512) or calm maternal temperament (OR=0.451), while risk factors included poor family relationships (OR=7.181), abnormal interpersonal relationships (OR=2.112), and abnormal health adaptation scores (OR=1.668).Risk factors for internalizing problems included being female (OR=1.773), attending senior high school (OR=1.984), average family relationships (OR=2.400), interpersonal relationships (OR=2.117), experiencing punishment (OR=1.918), and abnormal health adaptation scores (OR=1.856). Conclusions A certain degree of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems exists among primary and secondary school students, with life events significantly impacting their emotions and behaviors.Families and schools should pay greater attention to the relationship between life events and psychological behavioral issues.Targeted health education, prevention and intervention measures should be implemented based on the individual and group differences among children and adolescents.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 314-318. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-1436Objective To examine the associations of interpersonal sensitivity and emotion regulation difficulties with insomnia in adolescents, and to explore the underlying psychological mechanisms, so as to inform future intervention strategies. Methods In May 2022, a convenience sampling method was used to select 3 500 students from three middle schools in a city in Guangxi for the study to fill out the paper questionnaire including demographic information, Insomnia Severity Index(ISI), Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure(IPSM), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale(GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnare 9-item scale(PHQ-9).Data were analyzed using SPSS AU online statistical software with ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, Structural Equation Modeling, and Bootstrap method. Results Valid responses were obtained from 3 402 participants.Adolescents with insomnia reported significantly higher interpersonal sensitivity (total and subscale scores: F=8.880 - 332.461, P<0.001) and greater emotion regulation difficulties (total and subscale scores: F=16.552 - 526.344, P<0.001) compared to those without insomnia.Both interpersonal sensitivity (r=0.083 - 0.349, P<0.01) and emotion regulation difficulties (r=0.058 - 0.434, P<0.01) were positively correlated with insomnia severity.Mediation analysis revealed that emotion regulation difficulties partially mediated the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and insomnia,with a total indirect effect value of 0.012 and an effect share of 48%. Conclusions Interpersonal sensitivity and emotion regulation difficulties are significantly associated with adolescent insomnia, with emotion regulation difficulties playing a partial mediating role.Future studies should develop an insomnia risk prediction model for adolescents, enabling school-based risk stratification, early identification of high-risk individuals, and targeted interventions to promote psychosocial well-being.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 319-323. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0613The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) primarily relies on clinical observation and scale assessments, which are subjective and have limitations.Therefore, there is an urgent need for objective and quantifiable biomarkers to assist in early identification.As a new direction in ASD research, explicit digital biomarkers mainly include movement patterns, eye movements, and facial expression characteristics.By collecting data through smart terminal devices and analyzing it with machine learning algorithms, high-precision identification of ASD can be achieved.This article reviews the research progress of explicit digital biomarkers, providing new insights for early screening, diagnosis, and precise intervention of ASD, which will help optimize clinical screening and diagnostic tools and promote the development of personalized treatment.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 324-328. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-1175Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.In recent years, with the advancement and maturation of digital technologies, virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and artificial intelligence have expanded the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for ASD.This article aims to summarize the current research status and application progress of digital technologies in the treatment of children with ASD, with the goal of providing new perspectives for ASD intervention.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 329-333. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0163Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication, interaction, and restricted, repetitive behaviors.Research indicates that the developmental trajectories of ASD children are dynamic and influenced by multiple factors.A deeper understanding of ASD mechanisms has highlighted the critical role of neuroplasticity (NP) and environmental sensitivity periods (ES) in intervention efficacy, particularly as the timing of interventions may significantly impact outcomes.Consequently, precision intervention (PI) has emerged as a key strategy for optimizing treatment in ASD children.This article explores the developmental trajectories of ASD children, the relationship between neuroplasticity and environmental sensitivity periods, and how to formulate more effective intervention strategies, thereby providing a scientific foundation for supporting and treating children with ASD.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 334-337. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0029Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder, with feeding difficulties being one of its most common comorbidities.It not only affects children′s growth and development but also profoundly impact their dietary behaviors and habits.This article reviews recent advances in research on feeding difficulties in children with ASD, aiming to provide valuable insights for clinical management of this condition.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 338-343. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-1012Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions(NDBI) is a series of early intervention methods for autism spectrum disorder that combine applied behavioral analysis and developmental psychology theory and are implemented in natural settings. NDBI includes pivotal response training, Early Denver Model, Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, Engagement and Regulation, Milieu Teaching, Reciprocal Imitation Training, Improving Parents as Communication Teachers, etc. These methods have different focus on the target field and effect, eristics, but have common core elements and characteristics. In recent years, NDBI has received extensive attention in the international scope, and the empirical research continues to expand. To promote the localization research and practice of NDBI in China, the theoretical basis, advantages and application status of NDBI are discussed here.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(3): 344-348. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-1440This study systematically reviews the application of virtual reality (VR) technology in the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in pediatric populations over the past decade, with particular focus on its comparative advantages, current clinical implementations, and potential paradigm-shifting applications.A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the keywords "virtual reality" and "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" to search for both Chinese and English articles published in the last 10 years in databases such as CNKI and PubMed.The study analyzes the research designs and advancements in the application of VR technology in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. The results indicated that VR-assisted diagnostic protocols are more precise and objective compared to traditional methods.Similarly, VR-based treatment paradigms are more convenient and have been confirmed to be effective in the management of ADHD.While VR technology emerges as a promising adjunctive modality for ADHD diagnosis and treatment, further technical refinements and large-scale validation studies are required to establish standardized clinical protocols.
