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10 September 2026, Volume 34 Issue 9
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 941-945. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2026-0773Eating disorders pose a serious threat to adolescents' physical and mental health. Peer fat talk is increasingly recognized as a key risk factor for the development and maintenance of eating disorders among adolescents. In this review, three main pathways between peer fat talk and adolescent eating disorder risks are identified, namely self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and negative affect. Accordingly, three school-based prevention strategies are put forward, by minimizing negative peer influence, fostering body acceptance, and equipping adolescents with emotional regulation skills. Future research should prioritize the development and rigorous empirical testing of comprehensive prevention programs tailored to reduce eating disorder risks among Chinese adolescents.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 946-951. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2026-0909Play and games are the oldest, most natural and crucial forms of activity in children's lives, and also constitute a core research topic in the field of child development. Centered on children's independent exploration, play emphasizes openness, imagination and intrinsic motivation, and holds unique value in fostering key competencies such as creativity, emotional regulation, social interaction skills and self-directed learning ability. By contrast, games are characterized by clear rules, distinct goals and specific tasks; they are more conducive to the targeted enhancement of specialized skills including logical reasoning, language expression, mathematical cognition and executive functions, and can achieve controllable and measurable learning outcomes through structured scenarios designed by adults. High-quality child development should not favor a single form; instead, it should pursue integration on the basis of understanding the differences between play and games, so as to promote children's holistic development in physical, cognitive, emotional and social aspects through diverse participation, appropriate challenges and responsive adult support.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 952-952.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 953-958. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0827Objective To investigate the level of mental health literacy (MHL) among adolescents, to identify associated factors, and to examine its association with mental health, so as to provide evidence for improving adolescent mental health education. Methods From December 2023 to April 2024, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 1 239 adolescents (Grades 6 - 12) from three secondary schools in Minhang District, Shanghai. Participants completed the general information questionnaire, Adolescent Mental Health Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (AMHLAQ), Family Assessment Device (FAD), and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors associated with MHL, and Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationship between MHL and mental health. Results The mean MHL score was 82.34±10.88, and 24.21% of participants had good MHL.Multiple linear regression revealed that grade level (β=0.065), gender (β=0.153), class position (β=0.069), receipt of mental health education (β=0.076), problem solving (β=0.082), role (β=0.102), behavior control (β=0.087), and overall functioning (β=0.172) were all positively associated with MHL(P<0.05).The overall mental health score among adolescents was 12.33±7.21.Total MHL was negatively correlated with GHQ-12 scores (r=-0.164, P<0.01). Specifically, the recognition dimension of MHL was positively correlated with GHQ-12 scores(r=0.067, P<0.05), while knowledge, attitude, and behavior dimensions were negatively correlated with GHQ-12 scores (r=-0.164, -0.104, -0.268, P<0.01). Conclusions Adolescent MHL in Minhang District, Shanghai remains relatively low. It is recommended that mental health literacy be enhanced and mental health standards improved through categorised interventions and family support.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 959-963. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0103Objective To explore the association of sleep duration and diet with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among primary and secondary school students, so as to provide reference for the promotion and intervention of mental health among primary and secondary school students. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted by multi-stage cluster random sampling on 12 156 primary and secondary school students in Wuxi from September to October 2023.The entries of the questionnaire on monitoring of common diseases and health influencing factors of students were used to assess the sleep time, dietary status, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress of primary and secondary school students.The χ2 test was employed for between-group comparisons, and multivariate logistic regression models were utilised to analyze the independent and joint associations of sleep duration and diet with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Results The rates of inadequate sleep duration and unhealthy diet among students were 68.8% (8 368/12 156) and 91.4% (11 114/12 156), respectively.The detection rates of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were 12.9%(1 574/12 156), 23.0%(2 797/12 156) and 9.5%(1 152/12 156), respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that inadequate sleep duration was positively associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (OR=2.13, 2.23, 2.03, P<0.05), and an unhealthy diet was also positively associated with these symptoms (OR=2.49, 2.04, 2.00, P<0.05).An interaction effect between diet and sleep duration was observed for depression and anxiety symptoms.Compared with students who met both healthy diet and adequate sleep duration standards, those who failed to meet both had significantly higher risks of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (OR=10.87, 6.83, 3.06, P<0.05). Conclusions Inadequate sleep duration and unhealthy diet are significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among primary and secondary school students in Wuxi.Families, schools, and society should work together to ensure sufficient sleep and healthy eating habits to prevent and alleviate mental health problems in students.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 964-968. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0644Objective To explore the correlation between anxiety symptoms and the duration of after-school physical exercise in preschool children, in order to provide a scientific basis for preventing anxiety in preschool children. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to June 2024.A total of 1 786 children from two public kindergartens in Minhang District, Shanghai, were included.Parents were invited to complete the basic information of after-school physical exercise and the Spence Preschool Anxiety Scale (Preschool Anxiety Scale, PAS) for the survey. Results Finally, 1 590 valid questionnaires were obtained.The average age of the participants was (4.58±0.86) years old, with male-to-female ratio of 1.09∶1.The prevalence of anxiety symptoms in preschool children was 2.14%.One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in total PAS score, fears of physical injury, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder among children with different durations of after-school physical exercise (F=2.85, 2.57, 2.67, 3.35, P<0.05).Linear mixed effects model analysis showed that the duration of after-school physical exercise of ≥180 min per week was significantly negatively correlated with the total PAS score (β=-2.97, 95%CI: -5.43 - -0.52), fears of physical injury score (β=-1.07, 95%CI: -1.83 - -0.30), social phobia score(β=-0.90, 95%CI: -1.65 - -0.15), and obsessive compulsive disorder score (β=-0.42, 95%CI: -0.82 - -0.03). Conclusions There is a significant negative correlation between anxiety symptoms and the duration of after-school physical exercise among preschool children.Parents and society should emphasize regular after-school physical exercise in preschool children, with particular attention to duration, to reduce the risk of anxiety symptoms and promote early mental health development.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 969-974. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0905Objective To explore the associations among life events, anxiety levels, and eating behaviors in students transitioning from primary to junior high school from both student and parent perspectives, so as to provide evidence for psychological and dietary behavioral interventions during this transitional period. Methods From July 2023 to June 2025, a cluster-based survey was conducted among sixth-grade primary school students, first-year junior high school students, and their parents in one district of Chengdu, China. A total of 623 matched student-parent pairs were included. Students completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS), while students and parents independently completed the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC). Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to compare differences and agreement between the two perspectives. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to examine the associations among life events, anxiety levels, and eating behaviors. Results Significant differences were found between parent ratings and student self-ratings in several CEBQ subscales, whereas no significant differences were observed in the total scores of food avoidance behavior or food approach behavior (both P>0.05). Parents reported higher levels of life event exposure than students (Z=-4.977, P<0.001). ICC analysis showed weak agreement between the two perspectives across eating behavior dimensions and life event ratings (ICC=0.147 - 0.366). Life events were positively correlated with anxiety levels, and the correlation was stronger in student self-reports(rs=0.595) than in parent reports (rs=0.315) (P<0.001). Both life events and anxiety levels were positively associated with food avoidance behavior and food approach behavior (P<0.05), with relatively stronger correlations observed for food avoidance behavior. After adjusting for confounding factors, multiple regression analysis further showed that both life events and anxiety levels were associated with both types of eating behaviors. Their impact was greater on food avoidance behavior (life events: β=0.231, anxiety: β=0.229) than on food approach behavior (life events:β= 0.117, anxiety:β=0.164).Male students and first-year junior high school students were more likely to exhibit food approach behavior (P<0.001). Conclusions Life events and anxiety levels are closely related to the eating behaviors of students during the primary-to-junior-high transition, but their influence pathways differ. Life events have a more direct impact on food avoidance behavior, whereas higher anxiety levels tend to drive food approach behavior. Student self-reported data may be more sensitive in identifying psychological-behavioral associations. Discrepancies between student and parent assessments may provide important reference for targeted home-school collaborative interventions.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 975-979. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0925Objective To explore the preliminary value of 1H-MRS in predicting the prognosis of adolescents with depressive disorder before receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), so as to improve the targeting and effectiveness of rTMS treatment. Methods A total of 31 adolescents with depressive disorder treated at Urumqi Youai Hospital from May 2024 to March 2025 were recruited.All patients received standardized sertraline monotherapy to control for confounding drug effects.Before and after 2 weeks of rTMS treatment, the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24) was used to assess symptom severity, and 1H-MRS was applied to detect hippocampal levels of choline (Cho), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and creatine (Cr).Patients were classified into an effective group (reduction rate ≥50%) or an ineffective group based on HAMD score reduction. Results There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the sleep disturbance factor (t=-2.144, P<0.05) and hopelessness factor (t=-2.053, P<0.05) of HAMD, as well as the Cho/Cr ratio in the hippocampus (t=-2.935, P<0.05).In the logistic regression analysis, the Cho/Cr ratio (OR=1.62, 95%CI:1.00 - 2.63) had a statistically significant impact on the antidepressant efficacy of rTMS (P<0.05).After constructing the ROC curve, the area under the curve (AUC) of the Cho/Cr ratio was 0.735 (P<0.05).According to the maximum Youden index, the optimal cut-off value was calculated as 1.13, with a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 58.3%.This indicates that among adolescent patients with depressive disorder receiving rTMS treatment, those with a Cho/Cr ratio greater than 1.13 may have a better response to rTMS treatment. Conclusions The hippocampal Cho/Cr ratio may serve as a potential predictive indicator for rTMS efficacy in adolescents with depressive disorder, providing preliminary evidence for individualized clinical treatment.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 980-984. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2026-0588Objective To investigate screen use characteristics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbid with tic disorder (TD) and its association with behavioral problems, and to explore a potential nonlinear association between screen time and behavioral problems, in order to provide reference for clinical interventions. Methods A clinical case-control study was conducted involving 172 children aged 6 to 12 years recruited from outpatient clinics and routine physical examinations between August 2024 and May 2026. Participants were divided into four groups: the comorbid ADHD and TD group (CAT group, n=48), ADHD group (n=46), TD group (n=48), and healthy control group (n=30). Daily screen time and age at first screen exposure were collected using caregiver questionnaires. Symptom severity and behavioral problems were assessed using the 26-item Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP-IV-26), the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), and the parent version of Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and linear regression models. Results Theaverage daily screen time of the CAT group was (2.84±1.12) hours, significantly longer than that of the other three groups (P<0.001). Age at first screen exposure did not differ significantly among groups(P＞0.05). After adjusting for confounders, daily screen time was positively associated with the CBCL total score (β=0.442, P<0.001). Segmented regression analysis of the whole sample indicated a critical threshold of approximately 2.5h/d regarding the impact of screen time on behavioral problems. When stratified by diagnosis, disease severity inversely correlated with the tolerance threshold for screen exposure; the CAT group exhibited a threshold of 2.5h/d, where the threshold effect was most evident. Conclusion Daily screen time is an independent influencing factor for behavioral problems in children. Children with ADHD comorbid with TD exhibit higher sensitivity to screen exposure. The 2.5 h/d cutoff may serves as a potential reference for screen time management in this population, providing guidance for targeted clinical interventions.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 985-990. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0885Objective To explore the relationships among parenting styles, internet addiction, and depressive symptoms in primary school students, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and intervention of depressive symptoms in this population. Methods A total of 769 students from two primary schools in Changsha were surveyed using stratified random sampling between April and June 2025.Assessments included the Depression Self-rating Scale for Children (DSRSC), Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU).SPSS 26.0 with PROCESS v4.1 macro (Model 4)was used to explore the role of mediation. Results Maternal over-interference/over-protection, paternal over-interference, paternal over-protection, as well as parental rejection/denial, punitive punishment, and favoritism were positively correlated with internet addiction in primary school students (P<0.05).Internet addiction was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (P<0.05).Conversely, parental emotional warmth and understanding were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (P<0.05), while parental rejection/denial, punitive punishment, and paternal over-protection were positively correlated with depressive symptoms (P<0.05).Mediation analysis revealed that internet addiction played a significant mediating role in the relationships between maternal rejection/denial (effect size=0.054, 95%CI: 0.029 - 0.085), maternal punitive punishment (effect size=0.049, 95%CI: 0.026 - 0.079), paternal punitive punishment (effect size=0.017, 95%CI: 0.002 - 0.041), paternal rejection/denial (effect size=0.075, 95%CI: 0.041 - 0.117), and paternal over-protection (effect size=0.068, 95%CI: 0.036 - 0.105) and children's depressive symptoms. Conclusions Negative parenting styles are significantly associated with depressive symptoms in primary school students, with internet addiction acting as a partial mediator.These findings suggest that adopting positive parenting styles and fostering healthy internet use habits are crucial for improving mental health in primary school students.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 991-995. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0796Objective To evaluate the association between eczema and behavioral problems in school-aged children, and to analyze the mediating role of sleep disturbances, so as to provide evidence for the early intervention. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to June 2024 using stratified cluster sampling in three primary schools in Minhang District, Shanghai.A total of 1 380 children aged 6 - 12 years were included.Demographic data and eczema status were collected using a general demographic questionnaire.Sleep disturbances and behavioral problems were assessed using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6 - 18), respectively.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associations, and mediation analysis was performed to test the mediating effect of sleep disturbances. Results The prevalence of reported eczema was 11.4% (157/1 380).Multivariate analysis revealed that compared with children without eczema, those with eczema had a significantly higher risk of somatic complaints (OR=3.81, 95%CI: 2.22 - 6.53), anxiety/depression (OR=2.87, 95%CI: 1.58 - 5.20), social problems (OR=2.42, 95%CI: 1.40 - 4.19), and internalizing behavioral problems (OR=3.68, 95% CI: 2.11 - 6.41) (all P<0.01).The mediated proportion (%) of sleep disturbances in the relationships of eczema with somatic complaints, anxious/depressed, social problems, and internalizing behavioral problems were 28.1% (95%CI: 1.1% - 53.4%, P=0.02), 39.7% (95%CI: 3.1% - 80.3%, P=0.01), 22.3% (95%CI: 2.3% - 60.1%, P=0.04), and 31.5% (95%CI: 2.7% - 57.5%, P=0.01), respectively. Conclusions Eczema is significantly associated with various behavioral problems in school-aged children, and sleep disturbances play a mediating role in this relationship.These findings suggest that clinical management of childhood eczema should extend beyond skin symptom control to include sleep quality improvement and early behavioral screening, so as to promote comprehensive physical and mental health.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 996-1001. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0797Objective To investigate the characteristics of quality of life impairment and its influencing factors in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP), and to provide evidence for comprehensive clinical intervention. Methods A total of 179 girls diagnosed with ICPP in the First Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, from January 2022 to December 2023 were enrolled as the case group, and 178 age-matched healthy girls were included as the control group. General information questionnaires, the Inventory of Subjective Life Quality for Children (ISLQ), and the Family Functioning Assessment Scale for Children (FFAS-C) were used to assess demographic characteristics, quality of life, and family functioning. Parental psychological status was evaluated using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with quality of life in girls with ICPP. Results Compared with the control group, the case group had significantly lower ISLQ total scores and lower scores in the domains of school life, peer interaction, self-perception, somatic emotion, depressive experience, and anxiety experience (P<0.05), while no significant differences were found in family life or living environment (P>0.05). In the case group, ISLQ total score was moderately negatively correlated with FFAS-C score, parental SAS score, and parental SDS score (r＝-0.43,-0.45,-0.40, P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that monthly household income and primary caregiver's educational level were positively associated with ISLQ total score (β=0.12, 0.12, P<0.05), whereas FFAS-C score, parental SAS score, and parental SDS score were negatively associated with ISLQ total score (β＝-0.17,-0.55,-0.67, P<0.05). Parental psychological status had greatest impact on the total score of ISLQ. Conclusions Girls with ICPP show multidimensional impairment in quality of life, particularly in school life, peer interaction, self-perception, and emotional domains. Family functioning and parental psychological status are important factors associated with their quality of life. Comprehensive interventions targeting the child, parents, and family should be emphasized in clinical practice.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1002-1008. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1151Objective To investigate the current status of recreational screen time and emotional and behavioral problems among children and adolescents in selected areas of Guangdong Province, and to examine the their associations, so as to provide evidence for making related interventions. Methods In November 2023, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 5 421 students from grades 4 to 6 of primary school, junior high school, and senior high school in three prefecture-level cities of Guangdong Province. Data were collected using a self-designed demographic questionnaire, a health-related behavioral risk factor questionnaire, and the student version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Chi-square tests were used to compare group differences. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between screen time and emotional and behavioral problems in different dimensions among children and adolescents. Results Among the 5 421 participants, 30.62% reported recreational screen time of >2h/d. After adjusting for confounding factors, compared with recreational screen time ≤2 hours, participants with recreational screen time of >4h/d had higher risks of borderline/abnormal emotional symptoms (OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.44 - 2.12), conduct problems (OR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.29 - 2.19), hyperactivity/inattention (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.27 - 1.96), peer problems (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.53 - 2.41), prosocial behavior difficulties (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.05 - 1.46), and total difficulties (OR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.42 - 2.10) (P<0.05). Furthermore, significant dose-response relationships were observed between prolonged screen time and these psychological outcomes(Pfor trend＜0.05). Conclusion Longer screen time is significantly associated with higher risks of multidimensional emotional and behavioral problems among children and adolescents. Collaborative efforts by schools and parents are needed to implement appropriate screen management strategies and provide targeted emotional and behavioral guidance.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1009-1013. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1209Objective To explore the efficacy of group language training combined with the picture exchange communication system (PECS) on core symptoms and rehabilitation outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in order to provide theoretical reference for clinical intervention. Methods A total of 86 children aged 2 - 6 years with ASD, treated at Dongguan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital from July 2023 to April 2025, were recruited in this study.They were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group, with 43 cases in each group.Both groups underwent rehabilitation training for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for a total duration of 6 months.The control group received conventional one-on-one speech rehabilitation.The experimental group received a combined intervention of PECS and group language training.Assessments included the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Gesell Development Diagnosis Scales(GDDS) before and after intervention. Results Finally 80 children completed the intervention,with 40 cases in control group and 40 cases in experimental group.Post-intervention analysis showed no statistically significant differences in ABC or CARS scores between the two groups (P>0.05).However, both groups demonstrated significant improvements in language and personal-social developmental quotients (DQ) (control group: language DQ t=7.42, P＜0.001, personal-social t=6.96, P＜0.001; experimental group: language DQ t=15.29, P＜0.001, personal-social t=11.43, P<0.001).Notably, the experimental group exhibited significantly greater improvements in language DQ (t=6.61, P<0.001) and personal-social DQ (t=5.44, P<0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusions The combination of group language training and PECS is superior to conventional language training in enhancing language and personal-social development in children with ASD.However, its effects on core symptoms remain inconclusive and warrant further investigation.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1014-1018. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0405Objective To explore the correlation of motor function with social communication disorders and repetitive stereotyped behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD), so as to provide theoretical reference for improving children's social function. Methods A total of 246 children with ASD (aged 2 - 12 years) who received services at Yulin Children's Hospital from January 2023 to January 2025 were selected, including 182 cases in the <6-year-old group and 64 cases in the ＞6-year-old group.Standardized tools were used for assessment: the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) for motor function, the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) for social skills, the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) for behavioral characteristics, and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for symptom severity.After adjusting for confounding factors, multiple linear regression models were applied to analyze the correlation between motor function and core symptoms. Results The detection rate of motor dysfunction was 59.34% in the <6-year-old group and 28.13% in the ≥6-year-old group.Children with motor dysfunction had significantly higher scores on CARS, SCQ, and RBS-R than those without dysfunction (P<0.05).In the <6-year-old group, CARS and SCQ scores were negatively correlated with DCDQ scores (β=-0.035, -0.164, P<0.05); in the ≥6-year-old group, SCQ and RBS-R scores were negatively correlated with DCDQ scores (β=-0.204, -0.863, P<0.05). Conclusions Motor dysfunction is significantly correlated with the severity of core symptoms in children with ASD.It is recommended to incorporate motor function assessment into the routine screening system for ASD and strengthen motor intervention strategies in multidimensional rehabilitation programs.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1019-1023. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0970Objective To examine the accuracy of parent and teacher ratings of children's language skills, to compare their differences, and to analyze the influential factors, so as to deepen the understanding of the characteristics of these two sources of language assessment. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between September and December 2024 with 280 children aged 3 - 7 years recruited from three kindergartens and one primary school in Nanjing.Primary caregivers and classroom teachers rated the children's vocabulary, speech intelligibility, sentence length, and grammaticality using the Inventory to Assess Language Knowledge-Mandarin (ITALK-M).Children completed the Mandarin Sentence Repetition Task (MSRT) as an objective measure of language skills.Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used for data analysis. Results Children's objective language scores showed significant positive correlations with both parent ratings (rs=0.353,P<0.001) and teacher ratings (rs =0.347,P<0.001).Only teacher ratings demonstrated significant main effects of age (older children were scored higher than younger children, F=10.987, P=0.001) and gender (girls were scored higher than boys, F=6.132, P=0.013), and this gender effect was only found in the younger group (F=4.294, P=0.038), whereas parent ratings did not show these patterns.There was a significant interaction between maternal education and rater (F=6.403, P<0.001).Teachers tended to give higher ratings to children whose mothers had higher education levels, whereas higher ratings of parents were concentrated among children whose mothers had mid-level education (associate or bachelor's degrees).Parent ratings were significantly higher than teacher ratings (F=15.916, P<0.001), particularly in the dimensions of speech intelligibility (t=5.343, P<0.001) and sentence length (t=4.188, P<0.001). Conclusions Both parent and teacher subjective ratings demonstrated accuracy in early language screening. Compared to parents, teachers' ratings were more sensitive to age-related development and gender difference, and the gender effect diminished as children grew older. Parents may overestimate children's language skills, especially those with mid-level education levels.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1024-1028. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0771Objective To retrospectively analyze the video electroencephalogram (VEEG) features of children preliminarily diagnosed with tic disorder (TD), and to explore the significance and value of EEG in diagnosis and differential diagnosis, so as to provide a reference for the clinical management of children with TD. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on VEEG data from 258 children who were preliminarily considered to have TD during clinical diagnosis at the Department of Pediatrics, Yan'an People's Hospital, between January 2021 and June 2024. Results Among the 258 children, there were 188 boys (72.9%) and 70 girls (27.1%), with a male-to-female ratio of 2.7∶1.VEEG results showed 172 cases (66.7%) within normal limits, 31 cases (12.0%) with borderline findings, and 55 cases (21.3%) with abnormalities.Notably, 3 cases were ultimately diagnosed with epilepsy.VEEG abnormalities were frequently observed during both wakefulness and sleep stages.Non-specific abnormalities mainly consisted of slow background activity and atypical sharp or spike waves.Specific abnormalities presented as focal and/or generalized epileptiform discharges, with focal discharges being predominant.The discharge locations varied, most frequently involving the central, parietal, and/or middle-posterior temporal regions.A small number of children exhibited photosensitivity.No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of VEEG results between genders or across different age groups (P>0.05).Among the 174 children assessed using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), 28 (16.1%) presented with VEEG abnormalities.There were no statistically significant differences in YGTSS results regarding gender or age (P>0.05).Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between tic severity and VEEG findings (P>0.05). Conclusions Borderline and abnormal VEEG findings are relatively common in children with a preliminary diagnosis of TD.However, these findings do not differ significantly based on gender, age, or tic severity.VEEG is an important tool for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of children with suspected TD.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1029-1035. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1139Objective To systematically synthesize the current applications, implementation components, and effects of sibling-mediated interventions for children with neurodevelopmental disorders, so as to provide guidance for rehabilitation practice and future research. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and the VIP Database were searched from inception to April 2025. Eligible studies were screened, and data concerning intervention duration, implementation approaches, effects, and outcome assessment instruments were extracted. Results A total of 38 studies were included, most of which involved children with autism spectrum disorder (n=34). Siblings participated as intervention agents (n=25), behavioral models (n=8), or companions throughout the intervention process (n=8). Sibling-training strategies included in-person training (n=16), video-based learning (n=5), and blended approaches (n=5). Interventions primarily focused on social interaction (n=25), verbal communication (n=12), academic tasks (n=6), and daily living skills (n=6). Outcomes assessed effects on children with neurodevelopmental disorders (n=38), typically developing siblings (n=24), and sibling dyadic interactions (n=27). Outcome measures encompassed objective behavioral indicators, developmental competencies, and subjective family experiences. Conclusions The majority of the included studies reported improvements in social interaction and adaptive behaviors among children with neurodevelopmental disorders following sibling-mediated interventions, as well as positive outcomes for typically developing siblings and family-level interactions. Future research should focus on establishing a standardized system and developing culturally adapted, tiered intervention models tailored to Chinese family contexts.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1036-1040. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0596Recent years have seen an escalating focus on the association of children's and adolescents' mental well-being with the quality of indoor and outdoor air.This paper reviews pertinent studies, discussing the impact of exposure to air pollutants on the mental health of this demographic and the underlying biological mechanisms by which they may act.It aims to help gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between air pollution and mental health of children and adolescents.Future studies should pay more attention to the effects of long-term combined exposure to multiple air pollutants and air pollution constituents from different sources on the mental health of children and adolescents, as well as the potential causal pathways and biological mechanisms, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of children and adolescents' mental health.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1041-1045. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0971As the core sub-dimension of the family environment, home chaos includes multi-dimensional structural concepts such as high physical noise, dense living, and unstable living. This review traces the evolution of the home chaos concept and its measurement tools, and examines in detail its impact on internalizing and externalizing problems in children. These issues include anxiety and depression as internalizing problems, as well as aggressive behavior and sleep difficulties as externalizing problems. This review also discusses the limitations of existing studies, with the aim of providing evidence to inform the optimization of child-rearing environments and the development of intervention strategies by families, schools, and governments, while offering directions for future longitudinal and multidimensional research.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1046-1050. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1031Central precocious puberty not only affects the final adult height of children, but also may cause psychological and behavioral problems, such as anxiety, depression, social withdrawal and obsessive-compulsive behaviors.These issues contribute to a deterioration in the quality of life in emotional function, social function, school performance and social psychology.This article reviews the current status, the underlying mechanism, and influencing factors and the intervention strategies, so as to provide the basis for clinical psychological intervention.
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Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2026, 34(9): 1051-1056. https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-1467Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), characterized by a persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness, is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in children with ADHD.The co-occurrence of these disorders significantly exacerbates clinical presentations and complicates therapeutic interventions.Early and accurate identification of comorbid ODD in children with ADHD is crucial, as it facilitates the timely implementation of personalized interventions and mitigates the adverse outcomes associated with this comorbidity.This review comprehensively delineates the epidemiology, etiology, clinical characteristics, and intervention strategies for ADHD comorbid with ODD, exploring more effective approaches to improve the quality of life and psychosocial functioning of affected children.
