Physical activity in preschool period is closely related with the development of bone,cardiopulmonary health,motor,cognition and mental health. Moreover,it will continue to influence their health throughout the course of life. Over the past few years,some developed countries,like Canada and Australia,and World Health Organization have published their physical activity guidelines for children in early childhood. However,there are not yet physical activity guidelines for Chinese preschoolers aged 3-6 years. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese Preschoolers (3-6 years old),hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines",was jointly developed by Capital Institute of Pediatrics,Beijing Sport University,and China Institute of Sports Science from General Administration of Sport of China under an expert team from sports science,pediatrics and public health. The process of developing the Guidelines follows strict and transparent principle,drawing on the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Ⅱ instrument,adopting the method of literature materials,and sorting out the relevant guidelines and research evidence of foreign preschool children on the basis of systematically searching,forming the core issues and the draft of the recommendations of the guidelines. After repeated discussions and revisions through five rounds of expert consensus meetings,the Guidelines was finally completed. As the first physical activity guideline for preschoolers in China,the Guidelines comprehensively considers movement behaviors of preschoolers in 24 hours of daily life,including physical activity,sedentary behavior and sleep. On this basis,it raises ten key recommendations in four aspects including the principles of preschool children′s physical activity,physical activity time,types of physical activity,and physical activity monitoring and evaluation. The Guidelines provides recommendations for parents,health care professionals,kindergarten teachers and parents,so as to give professional guidance on scientific and safe physical activities for Chinese preschoolers and meet their developmental needs.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents has been rising over the past years, varying by age, geographical location and rural/urban areas. Primary school students have the highest prevalence of obesity, who need sufficient guidance of healthy living. The northern regions maintain the highest level of childhood obesity, but have shown a stable trend in recent years. Meanwhile, the prevalence of childhood obesity in eastern regions has risen dramatically. In both urban and rural areas, the prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing, and the growth rate in rural areas is greater, possibly leading to a reversal between urban and rural areas in the future. The interaction of national and social environments, school and family factors, individual elements have promoted overweight and obesity in Chinese youth. The impacts of migration on regional obesity increase cannot be ignored. Lockdown and staying at home due to COVID-19 have triggered long-term influence on children′s health. The prevention and control of obesity among Chinese children and adolescents is challenging. National policies and academic regulations have been issued by government and organizations. Schools, families, communities and individuals should communicate and cooperate with each other to execute comprehensive prevention and control of obesity among children and adolescents in a systematic perspective.

Neuroscience, as a comprehensive discipline that studies the structure, function, and developmental patterns of the nervous system, provides a critical theoretical foundation for understanding human cognition, emotions, and behavior.The rapid advancements in neuroscience research have offered fresh perspectives on child health and development. This paper systematically explores the intrinsic connections between neuroscience and child health development, with a particular focus on the characteristics of brain development and its influencing factors during the critical period of 0 - 6 years.Research on children′s brain health development reveals the complexity of the interaction between neural development and environmental factors.Moving forward, it is essential to integrate multidisciplinary findings and develop neuroscience-based intervention strategies to create an optimal growth environment for children.

Infants go through a transition period before fully adapting to a diversified balanced diet after being breastfed, during which foods introduced other than milk, aimed at supplementing energy and nutrients, are referred to as complementary foods. The process of introducing complementary foods is called complementary feeding (CF). The purpose and significance of adding complementary foods include not only supplementing energy and nutrients, but also promoting the development of eating skills and fine motor functions, establishing healthy eating and food-related psychological behaviors, preventing food allergies and other allergic diseases, and materializing diversity of children's gut flora. The feeding suggestions of introducing red meat paste first other than iron-fortified baby rice flour at the age of 6 months, and rapidly achieving diversified food exposure, is comply with the above principles. This article analyzes the purpose of infant CF, reviews the historical development of CF, and interprets relevant feeding recommendations based on new concepts of CF.

Learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental disorders, which are classified as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia according to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children's schooling, but they will not be identified until children show poor academic performance at school. Therefore, screening for learning disabilities at preschool age and early intervention is essential. This article focuses on early screening, diagnosis and comorbidity of children with learning disabilities, and summarizes the treatment of learning disabilities in children from three aspects: education, cognitive behavior and medical interventions.

通过分析国内常用的家庭功能评估量表FAD、APGAR、FACESⅡ、FES和FFFS的应用现状,重点从编制与修订年份、条目与分量表数量、适用年龄、信效度及其在我国的适用性和局限性等方面进行讨论,为家庭功能评估量表的选择、使用、修订和编制提供一定的参考。

Language delays and language disorders are the most common type of childhood developmental disorders. The exploratory design and initial attempts to implement a Chinese model of an evidence-based clinical intervention pathway for language delays and language disorders were guided by the Clinical Framework of children's language development and the concept of response to intervention (RTI).The early exploratory design also incorporated China's well developed nationwide maternal and children's health care system into the internationally recognized evidence-based tertiary clinical intervention pathway to achieve some initial Results in China.

Parent-child attachment serves as the cornerstone of children′s emotional development.Parent-child attachment encompasses secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized types.Both attachment styles and age exert influences on children′s emotional growth, affective understanding, and regulation.In the digital era, phenomena such as "technoference", "excessive screen exposure" , and "behavioral modeling-enhanced control" pose significant threats to the formation of secure parent-child attachment, thereby impacting children′s emotional development.This paper proposes the STEP strategy, which includes Selecting appropriate digital content, engaging Together in digital product usage, Engineering well-designed timing and contexts for digital use, and Promoting parents′ interactive competencies scientifically.This framework aims to facilitate the scientific transition of parent-child attachment into the digital age and foster healthy emotional development in children.

Except for the amount and type of food,researchers are increasingly aware of this,unresponsive feeding is a major barrier to health and nutrition.For this,responsive feeding is promoted in the feeding guidelines of WHO and UNICEF.This paper focuses on the scope,challenges,implementation plan,promotion strategy and effect monitoring of responsive feeding to promote the development of responsive feeding in infant care.

Early childhood development has a long-term influence on an individual′s physical development,brain development,mental health,and even has an impact on the health and wellbeing whose benefits last a lifetime and carry into the next generation.But a significant number of children are still at risk of stunting,whose development is the key to the well being of all mankind.The implementation of nurturing care can effectively improve the early development potential of babies,ensure children′s good health and nutrition,and protect them from threats.Nurturing care also means giving young children opportunities for early learning,through interactions that are responsive and emotionally supportive.This review systematically introduces the nurturing care framework and strategy,thereby providing a basis for further clinical and scientific research.

Objective To evaluate the mental health status of students aged 8 to 18 during the period of home isolation in the prevalence of coronavirusdisease 2019(COVID-19), so as to provide a basis for psychological counseling for students in special periods. Methods A total of 396 students aged from 8 to 18 were assessed for anxiety/depression by Questionnaire Star survey on February 6th to 8th, 2020.All subjects filled out general information and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED) were analyzed for the impact of COVID-19 on children′ and adolescents′ mood and anxiety during home isolation. Results 1) The total score of SCARED in 396 students was 16.44±12.30, 87 (22.0%) with scores≥25 and 309 (78.0%) with scores＜25.The mean scores of 5 factors(somatization/panic, generalized anxiety, dissociative anxiety, social phobia and school phobia) and the total scores were compared between the two groups, and the differences were statistically significant (t=13.156, 19.524, 10.381, 13.964, 7.325, 23.371, P＜0.001).2) Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that female students (OR=2.258, 95%CI:1.370—3.721, P＜0.001) and considering themselves in danger (OR=1.978, 95%CI :1.185—3.301, P=0.009) were risk factors for anxiety among students isolated at home during the epidemic. Conclusionss The prevalence of COVID-19 has some influence on students′ mood, especially for girls.Parents, schools and society should take timely measures to guide students to avoid anxiety in special times.

童年早期的心理创伤对儿童社会心理发展的不良影响深远。本文论述早期心理创伤对儿童脑发育、认知发展,以及对情绪和社会性发展的损害。心理创伤可直接导致创伤后应激障碍、反应性依恋障碍等精神障碍,并与注意缺陷多动障碍有关。在儿童心理创伤的干预和治疗中,基层的保健医生、儿保医生起关键性作用,建立儿童心理创伤的三级干预体系必要且可行。

Adolescent depression is a serious public health issue that affects the mental health of millions of adolescents nationwide. This articleoutlines the current situation of adolescent depression, the challenges in diagnosis, and then introduces the assessment process, including collecting medical history, physical examination, using scales and diagnostic tools for assessment, as well as assessing comorbidities and suicide risk. Treatment should be based on individual′s characteristics and needs, selecting appropriate treatment methods, including psychotherapy, medication, and hospitalization when necessary, inpatient treatment. Psychotherapeutic methods include cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy, while medication treatment requires careful selection of appropriate antidepressants and close monitoring of possible side effects.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology, high heterogeneity and rapidly increasing prevalence. Early education and training is the main method of rehabilitation. The intervention for ASD in China is still developing. Various medical and rehabilitation education institutions have carried out a variety of interventions, hoping to improve the function of ASD and reduce the family and social burden caused by ASD. Based on this, this article analyzes and expounds the progress in evidence-based practice of ASD, the current situation of ASD intervention in China, the limitations and the future development direction.

Objective To analyse the present situation and the influencing factors that affect it of the children's self-care ability. Method Self-compiled questionnaire (Children's Living Self-Care Ability Questionnaire-Parent Version) and 《Parenting Style Questionnaire》 were administered on 400 parents of young children. Results 3~6 years old children's self-care ability was in the medium level overall,there was uneven development in infants' self-care ability in various dimensions.Out of these dimensions,the children had good control of dressing up,other dimensions showed poor performances.There were significant differences in the children's demographic variables like sex,only child factor,place of birth and so on.Factors of grades,school type,parents and parenting styles also influenced children's self-care ability significantly. Conclusion Self-care ability should be gradual according to children's age and development characteristics,children should be allowed to experience operational processes,have fun using their hands; at the same time,increase the time spent by parents to accompany the children and coupled with cooperation with school to promote the development of children's self-care ability.

Insufficient physical activity and sedentary behavior are significant factors contributing to childhood overweight and obesity. Exercise offers numerous benefits to obese children in terms of their physical appearance, physical fitness, and mental well-being, making it a crucial component of comprehensive interventions for obese children. The mechanisms by which exercise exerts its effects include reducing adipose tissue, regulating cytokine and hormone levels, improving insulin resistance and inflammatory states, and promoting brain development. Although the specific dose-response relationship of exercise in obese children has not been clearly established, aerobic exercise or a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is considered a more reasonable choice, and the application of high-intensity interval training in obese children is gradually increasing. In the future, there is a need to develop optimal forms of exercise that are effective, time-efficient and safe, and to explore whether new methods suitable for obese adults can be adapted for use in children and adolescents.

沙盘游戏疗法是一种心理治疗方法。由于其特殊的表现和体验过程,在应用于儿童行为问题方面有其独特的优势,近年来在儿童行为问题的评估及治疗中沙盘游戏都展现出其他治疗方式无法替代的效果。本文在回顾沙盘游戏应用于儿童行为问题治疗和评估中取得的成果的基础上,对其未来发展进行展望。

Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies or insufficiencies in children remain global public health problems. The deficiencies of both vitamin A and vitamin D exist in Chinese children, the deficiency of vitamin A is mainly marginal (about 30%) in children aged 0 - 12 years.Vitamin D deficiency and prevalence are common in healthy children aged 0 - 18 years, among which the severe deficiency rate is 2.46%, the deficiency rate is 21.57%, and the marginal deficiency rate is 28.71%.The deficiency rate gradually increases with the increase of age.Since the respective bioactive metabolites of vitamin A and vitamin D, retinoic acid and 1 and 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ have hormone-like properties, and both metabolites are synthesized from their vitamin precursors by different tissues and cells in the body, there may be a synergistic effect between both on target cells remotely by binding to nuclear hormone receptors.A high proportion of concurrent vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies (comorbidities) in malnourished children under 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries and poor areas will affect the immune response in a highly specific way, in addition to causing growth and developmental disorders (e.g., growth retardation, motor retardation), it also increases susceptibility to infectious diseases (e.g., recurrent respiratory infections, diarrhea), allergic diseases (e.g., asthma, atopic dermatitis), and neurodevelopmental disorders (touretic disorder, autism spectrum disorder).Therefore, children in the period of growth and development may benefit from supplementing with vitamin A and vitamin D.

Neuroblastoma amplified sequence(NBAS) gene deficiency can lead to autosomal recessive hereditary disease, which is a rare genetic defect. Besides, NBAS gene deficiency can affect multiple systems. The main clinical manifestations include short stature, optic atrophy, Pelger-Huet cell malformation and febrile related liver failure. This article mainly reviews the possible pathogenesis of NBAS gene defects, the relationship between gene defects and phenotypes, clinical manifestations, treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis of NBAS gene defects.

As an important indicator and influencing factor of children's physical and mental state, sleep plays a crucial role in children's healthy development.With electronic screen becoming one of the main sources of information spread in daily life, there are constant reports of possible effects of excessive screen exposure on sleep during childhood.This study reviewed the specific effects and mechanisms of electronic screen exposure on sleep in children, summarized relevant principles and intervention methods, thereby identifying and intervening the sleep problems related to electronic screen exposure earlier, and providing clues for further clinical and basic researches on the effects of electronic screen on sleep in Chinese children.

In recent years, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been increasing annually and has become a globally recognized public health issue. Currently, rehabilitation treatment primarily focuses on educational interventions and behavioral modifications, emphasizing core symptom training, while there is insufficient management regarding children's health status. However, the health condition of children with ASD significantly impacts their prognosis. Based on this, Specialized Committee on Prevention and Treatment of Autism of China Maternal and Child Health Research Association has led the establishment of an expert panel to develop this consensus. This consensus aims to provide guidance for medical institutions at all levels, as well as for doctors, rehabilitation therapists, teachers, and parents. It advocates for the adoption of targeted, personalized, and developmentally appropriate health management strategies and family support plans based on the foundation of rehabilitation education and training,so as to support the children with ASD to reach their maximum potential.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of night sleep time and its relationship with overweight and obesity in children, so as to provide scientific reference for taking interventions of overweight and obesity. Methods A total of 1 175 students from 8 schools(4 primary schools in urban and rural areas, respectively) in Fangshan District, Beijing, were recruited by a stratified cluster random sampling method in October 2012. The distribution characteristics of sleep time and its relationship with overweight and obesity were analyzed by using multivariate binary Logistic regression model. Results The sleep insufficiency rate of school-age children(<10 h/d) reached 68.5%. Demographic characteristics affected the sleep time of children, and urban students and boys had less sleep time (P<0.001).Body mass index(BMI) and the rates of obesity and overweight increased with the decreasing of sleep duration (P<0.01).The average daily sleep duration <9 h/d was a risk factor for overweight and obesity of school-age children. After the adjustment of gender, residence, family income, parents′ educational level, physical activity and sedentary behavior time, only the average daily sleep duration <9 h/d on weekends was associated with overweight and obesity of school-age children[OR=1.570 (1.074-2.295),P=0.02]. Conclusions Sleep insufficiency may be a risk factor for overweight and obesity in children, especially the average daily sleep duration of weekends. The prevalence of overweight and obesity should be prevented and controlled through targeted improvement of children′s sleep duration and lifestyle.

Language delay is the most common developmental disorder in childhood,and as children grow older,it will have a lasting impact on their daily life and learning ability,and the impact on children's health can last into adulthood.Early active intervention and treatment will greatly improve the short-term and long-term adverse effects of abnormal language development on children,effectively promote the recovery of children's language ability.Language delay of children has been the current research hotspot.This article reviews the clinical characteristics,diagnosis and treatment of language retardation in children.

我国预防出生缺陷和遗传代谢性疾病的重点是推广三级预防措施,通过三个不同阶段的预防措施可以避免大多数缺陷儿的出生,并使遗传代谢性疾病患儿在临床症状出现之前得到及时治疗,从而预防智能低下及其他严重后果发生。目前我国重点监测的出生缺陷病种为23种常见的结构畸形,染色体异常及少部分遗传代谢性疾病。近年来随着串联质谱分析技术(MS-MS)的发展,可协助诊断包括PKU在内的30余种遗传代谢性疾病,这将使三级预防的新生儿筛查工作的内容和质量上升到一个新的水平。同时也要注意在三级预防中存在的问题,尤其是要加大二级预防的覆盖面,加强对产前筛查和产前诊断及其意义的宣教工作。筛查的结果仅仅是提供发病的可能性,不能说明胎儿一定患此病,而产前诊断是将这种可能性确诊为是发病还是正常。

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children characterized by impairments in social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped behaviors, with a globally increasing incidence rate. Its etiology is complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors. This article systematically summarizes the research progress on the neuropathological mechanisms of ASD, encompassing synaptic function, neurotransmitter imbalance, neural circuit abnormalities, neuroanatomical changes, and neuroinflammation. A deep understanding of the pathological mechanisms of ASD can provide scientific evidence and guidance for the development of related clinical treatment strategies.

Objective To systematically review the findings of Chinese epidemiological studies in the past 16 years by a meta-analysis,to estimate the prevalence for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Chinese,and to extract its epidemiological characteristics as well as to further explore the differences of the prevalence of ASD between China and foreign countries. Method Databases such as Chinese Web of Knowledge,WeiPu,WanFang were searched for literatures published from January,2000 to December,2016 about the prevalence of ASD/autism in China. Results Totally thirty studies were included in meta-analysis.The prevalence of ASD was 26.50/10 000,and prevalence of autism was 14.00/10 000.There was a significant difference on the ASD prevalence among the following sub-factors including gender,age,screening criteria and so on except northern and southern China. Conclusions Although prevalence of ASD in Chinese children showed an increasing trend,it is still lower than that in foreign countries.The prevalence of ASD in China is clearly underestimated due to the limitation of the following influential factors,such as investigation population,monitoring methods,screening and diagnostic tools.

The metabolism of lactose primarily relies on the hydrolytic action of lactase, whose activity is regulated by genetic factors and developmental stages.Lactose intolerance can be classified into four types: primary, secondary, congenital, and developmental, with diverse clinical manifestations.Diagnostic methods include hydrogen breath test, lactose tolerance test, and genetic testing, but there is currently no simple and reliable standardized diagnostic approach.Treatment strategies encompass dietary modifications, enzyme replacement therapy, and probiotic supplementation.This article summarizes the metabolic mechanisms of lactose in the intestine, as well as recent advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of lactose intolerance.A deeper understanding of lactose metabolism is crucial for improving the management of lactose intolerance.

Executive function impairment emerges as a primary cognitive deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), involving prefrontal cortex and multi-level brain network dysfunction. Executive function has been functionally classified into cool and hot. Cool-executive function impairment mainly manifests in response inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility, while hot-executive function impairment usually involves delayed gratification, reward/punishment-related decision-making, self-regulation and emotion regulation. A variety of traditional paradigms have been used when assessing executive function in ADHD children, some of which are reliably modified and culturally adapted. Based on the literature, clinical practice should not focus exclusively on cool executive function. Children′s impairment in hot executive function (with emotional and social components) should also be noted as significant indicators when evaluating the state of children′s condition. Additionally, dynamic follow-up and intervention should be required to achieve the best results in the long term.

Tummy time is defined as awake prone positioning with unrestricted movement of limbs, which is encouraged and supervised by adults. As one of the most important physical activities during early stages of life, tummy time plays a critical role in promoting gross motor and cognitive development, preventing plagiocephaly and decreasing overweight and obesity. Recently, the World Health Organization and many countries worldwide issued guidelines on tummy time for infants; however, there is no tummy time guideline in China. To fill in this gap, the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, together with experts from sports science, pediatrics and child health care, has jointly developed the Infancy Tummy Time Guideline. As the first tummy time guideline for infants under one year old in China, it aims to provide professional recommendations for both child care professionals and parents. The guideline raises recommendations from four aspects, including principles for tummy time, duration and frequency, types of tummy time activities, and monitoring and evaluation, which gives professional guidance on scientific and safe tummy time activities for infants to meet their developmental needs.

The period from 0 to 3 years of age is the most rapid phase of brain development in infants and young children, making it a critical window for early intervention. Providing high-quality family nurturing care is a crucial means of maximizing the early developmental potential of infants and toddlers. Enhancing the capacity of families in caregiving has become a key strategy for promoting the physical, mental, and comprehensive development of children aged 0 to 3. Professionals in child healthcare at maternal and child health institutions and community health centers play a significant role in guiding families in infant and toddler care. This article discusses key issues in the practice and guidance of family caregiving for infants and toddlers, emphasizing the importance of responsive care throughout the nurturing process, the mental health of caregivers, the early cultivation of socio-emotional skills in infants and toddlers, and the risks associated with screen exposure. It calls for increased attention from both primary heath care professionals and the broader society to collectively enhance the capacity of families in providing care for infants and toddlers.

ObjectTo explore the application of Gesell developmental scale-language part in language development evaluation by the comparison with S-S method. Method sA total of 130 children aged from 1.5 to 5 years were selected in psychological clinics of Child Care Center in the Xi 'an Fourth Hospital from June 2015 to May 2016.There were 93(71.54%) boys and 37(28.26%) girls.Gesell developmental scale and S-S method were both used to evaluate language retardation degree. Results 1)Overall consistency check of Gesell developmental scale and S-S method in language retardation showed:the Kappa score was 0.639(P<0.05),sensitivity was 77.2%,specificity was 86.3%.2)Overall consistency check of Gesell developmental scale and S-S method in mild language retardation showed that the Kappa score was 0.481(P<0.05).3)S-S method in mild language retardation for two age groups showed that the constituent ratio of language characteristics had statistical differences (P<0.05).Children under 2 years old mainly had problem in language expression,while children above 2 years old mainly had problem in language comprehension. Conclusions 1)Gesell developmental scale can be used as a language development screening tool.2)Gesell developmental scale and S-S method can be used in combination,S-S method can be used for qualitative,Gesell developmental scale can be used for severity classification.3)S-S method should be used to ascertain diagnosis for the children under 2 years old whose language scores of Gesell developmental scale show margin state.