Table of Content

06 November 2013, Volume 21 Issue 11

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Nutritional status of children under 5 years old in Sichuan province

LIU Jing-tao,JIANG Ying-jia,XU Yue-zhong,ZHANG Ju,WU Fang-yin

2013, 21(11):  1126-1128. 

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Objective To understand the nutritional status among children under 5 years old in Sichuan province. Methods 8 006 children aged 0 to 5 were selected with the random cluster sampling,and measured their height and weight,which were evaluated the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards. Results The prevalence of stunting,underweight and wasting among children under 5 years old in Sichuan province were 7.26%,2.74% and 2.87% respectively.The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 12.93% and 5.17%.The levels of malnutrition and overnutrition had significant differences between urban and rural area,boys and girls,and children of different ages. Conclusions The prevalence of malnutrition is lower,and the incidence of overnutrition is higher.Measures should be taken to improve the nutritional status in accordance with rural areas,boys,different ages,reducing overweight and obesity is the key point of nutrition improvement in the future.

Investigation of change trends and its influencing factors of Zhang-Lu index among term newborns from four cities in China

YI Li-lan,ZHANG Bao-lin,HAN Qi,LIU Jia-qi,CHEN Lan,LIU Xue-qin

2013, 21(11):  1129-1131. 

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Objective To understand the change trends and its influencing factors of Zhang-Lu index (ZLI) among urban term newborns in China. Methods This study adopted a random cluster sampling strategy.Subjects were term singleton live newborns.Data were collected in four cities:Beijing,Harbin,Changsha and Guangzhou.Data were including all subjects' neonatal physical development conditions.Data analysis included comparison analysis and regression analysis.Comparison analysis was used to compare the study data with the national reference ZLI value.Regression analysis was used to identify ZLI influencing factors. Results A total of 5 140 subjects were included in this study (Beijing:n=1 207,Harbin:n=1 271,Changsha:n=1 250,and Guangzhou:n=1 412).In 2012,the value of term newborns (ranging 37 to 41 weeks' gestational age) of this study was higher than the national reference ZLI value collected between the years of 1989-1990.The ZLI values had statistically significant difference (P<0.01),and the average increasing mean value was 0.07.By multiple linear regression analysis,it indicated that main factors influencing the ZLI value were gestational age,maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index,gestational weight gain,maternal parity,age,education level,occupation,and neonatal gender. Conclusion The ZLI values of term newborns displays increasing trends among these studied four cities.In order to improve the quality of births,it should reduce the incidence of premature delivery,adjust pre-pregnancy body mass index in a appropriate level,appropriately regulate weight gain during pregnancy,and conduct pre-pregnancy and prenatal health education.

Investigation on the promoter methylation of satiety regulator genes in obese children

SHEN Wen-wen,ZHENG Dong-yi,LIU Zhao-qiu,FAN Chao-nan,LIU Xin-li,XIA Lu-lu,QI Ke-min

2013, 21(11):  1132-1135. 

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Objective To investigate the changes in promoter DNA methylation of satiety regulators,the leptin,leptin receptor (leptin-R) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in obese children. Methods 45 preschool obese children aged 4 to 6 years,and 45 age-and sex-matched normal-weight children were included in the study.Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral white blood cells.Bisulfite sequencing-PCR was used to determine the CpG methylation of the leptin promoter (324 bp,-228 to +96),leptin-R promoter (271 bp,-411 to -141) and POMC promoter (275 bp,-341 to -67).Plasma leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Plasma leptin concentration [(21.24±4.02) μg/L] in obese children was higher than that in normal children [(2.95±0.53) μg/L].The mean methylation fraction of 25 CpG sites in the leptin promoter in obese children (0.43±0.13) was lower than that in normal children (0.52±0.15),with significantly reduced methylation fraction in 9 CpG sites.For CpG sites in leptin-R promoter,the methylation fraction was completely demethylated in both obese and normal children.No differences were found in the methylation fraction of CpG sites between the two groups of children. Conclusion Reduced CpG methylation in the leptin promoter may associate with the increased leptin expression and resistance in obese children.

Case-control study of risk factors for 388 cases of full term low birth weight newborns in western rural area

ZHOU Min,ZHANG Xiao-song,HAO Bo,ZHAO Geng-li,CHEN Li-jun

2013, 21(11):  1136-1138. 

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Objective To understand the influence factors of the term low birth weight in western rural areas,in order to provide scientific basis for the further intervention research. Method The objects of case group were selected from mothers who delivered term low birth weight newborns in 15 county level hospitals and 8 township hospitals in 5 western counties during November 2010 to October 2011.The control group were 1∶1 matched,and the total number of qualified objects were 388 pairs.Through filling in the questionnaire by all of the objects,the general situation,maternal health care,pregnancy complications and dietary intake during pregnancy were identified. Results The risk influencing factors related to low birth weight included:the average family income <2 000 yuan per month,mother's educational degree of primary school and below,the histories of preterm birth or abnormal pregnancy,mother itself is used to be low birth weight,mother with low BMI or underweight,prenatal examination ≤4 times,oligohydramnios,preeclampsia,without folic acid intake during pregnancy,insufficient intake of fish and meat,eggs,milk,fruit,beans and nuts.Through multi-factors analysis,the average family income <2 000 yuan per month and eating nuts less than once a week during pregnancy were risk factors for term low birth weight. Conclusion At present the risk factors of low birth weight in western rural areas is mainly related to socioeconomic status and the nutritional status of pregnant women.It is necessary to enhance the quality of maternal health care services at grassroots level,in order to improve the pregnancy outcome.

Biochemical screening and genetic diagnosis of thalassemia in children with anemia from Luzhou

CHEN Hong-ying,ZOU Yan,LIU Chun-yan,LIU Wen-jun

2013, 21(11):  1139-1141. 

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Objective To explore the types and frequency of gene mutations in children with thalassemia in Luzhou,Sichuan Province. Methods A biochemical screening for thalassemia was performed by laboratory examination RBC osmotic fragibity,serum ferritin and hemoglobin electrophoresis on 556 children with anemia from Luzhou,Sichuan Province.Genetic diagnosis was performed on the children with α-thalassemia by gap-PCR and on the children with β-thalassemia by PCR-Reverse Dot Blot(PCR-RDB). Results The positive cases of the biochemical screening for thalassemia were 176(31.65%).The positive of genetic diagnosis was 136(24.46%).Of the 136 cases,α-thalassemia was found in 53 cases,β-thalassemia in 81 cases and α-combined β-thalassemia in 2 cases.7 types of mutation genotypes were detected in 53 cases of α-thalassemia ,the proportions of--α^SEA/ααwere 39.62%,the proportions of -α^3.7/αα were 26.42%.7 different mutalion were identified in 81 cases of β-thalassemia,there were 14 different gene types.CD17(A→T)、IVS-Ⅱ-654(C→T) and CD41/42(-TTCT) were the most frequent genic mutations. Conlusions The frequency of gene mutations for thalassemia is high in children from Luzhou,Sichuan province.Gene diagnosis is a accurate and reliable method to diagnose thalassemia.

Blood pressure and the relevant factors among children and adolescents aged 7~18 years in Shandong province

XUE Jian,WANG Ying,LI Jun

2013, 21(11):  1142-1144. 

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Objective To know the situation and the relevant factors of hypertension of children in Shandong and to provide evidence for preventing child hypertension. Methods Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to extract 6 895 students aged 7~17 years to measure the blood pressure and its relative indicators.SPSS 13.0 software was used for data analysis. Results The mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure both increased with ages;the boys was higher than girls (P<0.001).The prevalence rate of child hypertension was 23.0% according to the blood pressure standard of Chinese children,and boys was higher than girls;the cities was higher than rural areas;children aged 13~17 years was higher than those of 7~12 years;children of overweight,obesity and abdominal obesity was higher than normal ones (P<0.001).Partial correlation analysis showed blood pressure was positively correlated with body height,body weight,bust,waist circumference,skinfold thickness,waist to height ratio,body mass index,heart rate and vital capacity (P<0.05),and was negatively correlated with vital capacity weight index (P<0.01).The correlation coefficient between blood pressure and body weight was the largest.Compared to children with normal blood pressure,the children of hypertension were taller and fatter,but with weaker lung functions. Conclusions Overweight,obesity and abdominal obesity are important risk factors of child hypertension.

Clinical research on bone and mineral metabolism in neonates

WANG Ai-ping,LI Yang-fang,CHAI Lin,WU Yu-qin,YANG Ru-wen,TAO Na,ZHANG Yan,YANG Yang,JIANG Hong-chao

2013, 21(11):  1145-1147. 

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Objective To explore bone and mineral metabolism in different neonates,and compare the diagonostic value of bone and mineral metabolism markers in bone metabolism abnormality,and provide basis for early intervention. Method The concentrations of serum osteocalcin (OC),beta-crossLaps (β-CTx),calcium,25-hydroxycholecalciferol[25-(OH)D₃]and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in 62 full-term infants,28 preterm infants(12 very low birth weight,16 extremely very low birth weight),and the data were statistically analyzed. Results The concentration of serum β-CTx in group of preterm infants was higher than that in group of full-term infants(P<0.05),and the concentration of serum calcium and PTH were less than those in full-term infants(P<0.01 and <0.05);Level of serum OC in preterm infants had positive correlations with serum calcium and 25-(OH)D₃,and level of serum β-CTx had negative correlations with serum calcium and 25-(OH)D₃;The concentrations of serum OC and calcium in group of very low birth weight infants were less than those in low birth weight infants(P<0.05),and the concentrations of serum β-CTx were higher than that in low birth weight infants(P<0.05);Level of serum OC in very low birth weight infants had positive correlations with serum calcium and 25-(OH)D₃,and level of serum β-CTx had negative correlations with serum calcium and 25-(OH)D₃;Levels of serum OC and calcium in neonates had positive correlations with gestational age and birth weight,and level of serum β-CTx had negative correlations with gestational age and birth weight. Conclusions The main factors which affect levels of bone and mineral markers in neonates are geatational age and birth weight,preterm infants easily occur bone metabolism abnormality,and the less gestational age (the less birth weight),the more easily occur bone metabolism abnormality,we need pay attention to find bone metabolism abnormality early and supple vitamin D and calcium.

Relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1137100 variation in leptin receptor gene and simple obesity in Zhuang nationality children

LI Hong-hui,TANG Ning,ZENG Ting,LI Wu-gao,WANG Lin,LI Zhe-tao,YAN Ti-zhen

2013, 21(11):  1148-1150. 

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Objective To explore the relationship of leptin receptor (LEPR) gene rs1137100 sites single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with simple obesity. Methods 200 preschool children in Liuzhou were enrolled.Body height,weight and waistline were measured,LEPR gene rs1137100 (A/G) sites single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected by SNaPshot assay. Results The AA,AG and GG genotype frequencies of LEPR gene rs1137100(A/G) in simple obesity group and normal control group were 66.4%,29.9%,3.7% and 68.3%,27.7%,4.0%,respectively,the A,G allelic frequencies in simple obesity group and normal control group were 81.3%,18.7% and 82.2%,17.8%,respectively.And OR was 1.06,95%CI was 0.64~1.74.The genotype and allelic frequencies of rs1137100 (A/G) in simple obesity children were not significantly different from those in controls (P>0.05),the LEPR gene rs1137100 (A/G) sites single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusions LEPR gene rs1137100 polymorphisms are not associated with simple obesity in Chinese Zhuang preschool children in Liuzhou of Guangxi province.

Early serum lipid profiles and lipoprotein of small for gestational age neonates

WANG Hua,WANG Ping,LI Hui-ling,WEN Chun-ling,MA Jian-rong

2013, 21(11):  1151-1154. 

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Objective To determine the concentrations of serum lipids and lipoprotein of small for gestational age neonates(SGA). Methods 47 SGA neonates were enrolled in this study,45 term infant of appropriate for gestational age(AGA) selected randomly were used as the control.Vein blood was collected within 12 hours after birth for biochemical analysis,including total cholesterol (TC),high-density lipoproteins cholesterols (HDL-C) low-density lipoproteins cholesterols (LDL-C),triglyceride(TG),LDL-C/HDL-C,apolipoproteins (apo)A1,apoB and apoB/apoA1.Impact of gestational age (preterm and term),degree of intrauterine growth retardation ( birth weight below the 3th percentile(SGA 1) and between the 3th and 10th percentile(SGA 2) of the local sex-specific distribution for gestational age) and gender (male and female) on the values of SGA were compared further. Results TC(2.41±0.61 vs 2.11±0.78,P<0.05)、LDL-C(0.90±0.44 vs 0.71±0.42,P<0.05)and apo-B(0.40±0.22 vs 0.29±0.15,P<0.01)concentrations,and atherogenic indices,including LDL-C/HDL-C(1.31±1.29 vs 0.82±0.46,P<0.05)and apo-B/apo-A1(0.60±0.35 vs 0.40±0.19,P<0.01)ratios,were found to be higher in the SGA compared to the control group.The SGA 1 neonates had significantly lower TC、HDL-C and apoA1 concentrations,as well as higher apo-B/apo-A1 ratio than the SGA 2 group ( P<0.01 or P<0.05).TG value was lower in preterm than in full-term SGA newborns( P<0.05).No gender difference was observed among SGA newborns. Conclusion SGA neonates displayed profiles of less favorable lipid metabolism in the early postnatal period and more severe degree of intrauterine growth retardation may be associated with higher degrees of lipid disorders,SGA has been shown to be a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease later in life.Lower TG values in preterm SGA newborns maybe related to their fetal maturity.

Construction of a recombinant lentiviral vector carrying miR-146b and validation of its transduction efficiency in human pre-adipocytes

CHEN Ling,SHI Chun-mei,YANG Lei,ZHU Lu,XU Guang-feng,JI Chen-bo,GUO Xi-rong,ZHANG Chun-mei

2013, 21(11):  1155-1157. 

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Objective To construct a recombinant lentiviral vector carrying miR-146b and validate its infection efficiency in human pre-adipocytes. Methods The minigene fragment of miR-146b was amplified from human genomic DNA by PCR,then cloned into a lentivirus expression vector.After sequencing validated exactly,the expression plasmid and packaging plasmids Pcgvp,Rev,Vsvg were co-transfected into HEK-293T cells to produce lentivirus; the supernatant containing lentiviral particles was used to infect human preadipocytes,and its infection efficiency and miR-146b overexpression level were respectively tested by fluorescent observation and real-time quantitative PCR. Results MiR-46b lentiviral vector was constructed successfully,and infection efficiency in human pre-adipocytes reached over 85%,the expression level increased nearly four folds. Conclusion We have successfully constructed the lentiviral vector containing miR-146b with high overexpression in infected human pre-adipocytes,which will be useful to the future studying the function of miR-146b in human pre-adipocytes.

Effect of perinatal high fat diet on serum uric acid in SD rat offspring

ZHAO Yong-fang,LIU Ying,WANG Meng-meng,LIU Yi-xian,HE Wei

2013, 21(11):  1158-1160. 

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Objective To explore the effect of perinatal high fat diet on uric acid metabolism in SD rat offspring. Methods Ten pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into control group and high fat diet group,fed with lab chow diet and high fat diet (containing 20% of lard) respectively.After weaning,half of male pups from either group were fed with lab chow and the other half were fed with high fat diet until 12 weeks of age.Then the body weight,level of serum uric acid,and activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were measured. Results The level of serum uric acid,the activity of XOD and body weight of the HF/HF group were higher than the B/B group and the HF/B group(P＜0.05).Compared with the B/B group,the level of serum uric acid and the activity of XOD were higher(P＜0.05).There was no difference of the activity of serum ADA among 4 groups. Conclusions Maternal high fat diet during gestation and lactation may cause hyperuricemia in rat SD offspring because of the increase of the activity of XOD.And the diet regulation on offspring after weaning can decrease the effect.

Census survey on growth of children aged for under 6 years of small for gestational age in Shanghai

LI Ting-ting,CHEN Jin-jin

2013, 21(11):  1169-1172. 

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To investigate the physical growth characteristics of children for (small for gestational age,SGA) in Shanghai. Methods General survey was used.The subjects consisted of 25 431 children.All the children SGA whose birth were September 1,2004 to October 1,2011 were established cards and gathered their physical examination data by retrospective survey,which included height(supine length if under 2 years),weight,head circumference and chest circumference.All the SGA children were classified into 12 age points.SGA were divided into preterm SGA and full-term SGA,then compared the developmental level and growth in value with normal children (AGA). Results The incidence of SGA was 3.15% in Shanghai,1.87% for urban and 3.42% for rural respectively;Compared with the AGA,SGA children falled behind for growth development until 6 years old.The sequence of growth was preterm SGA＞full-term SGA＞AGA until 6 years old. Conclusion SGA at 0~6 years of age showed catch-up growth,SGA in preterm infants have a greater growth potential.

Analysis on 337 infants vitamin D level and ultrasonic bone mineral density

LI Hong-shuang

2013, 21(11):  1172-1175. 

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Objective To explore the relationship between infant vitamin D level and ultrasonic bone mineral density and height development,and to discover the high risk factors of infants with vitamin D deficiency rickets,and provide the basis for the confirmed diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets. Methods 337 cases of 9 months old infants born from in March 2010 to in April 2011 in our hospital and in routine register system management of the children's health section were selected.Weight and height were measured and recorded according to the indexes measuring method of growth and development and the questionnaire survey of feeding patterns was collected.5mL infant venous blood was collected in 9 months' medical examination,Serum 25-(OH) D was detected by ELISA,infant tibia SOS was measured by 7000P bone ultrasound intensity meter provided by the Sunlight Omnisense.Bone mineralization condition was showed and compared by Z value.The relationship between infant vitamin D level and ultrasonic bone mineral density and height development was analysed by the single factor variance analysis and independent sample t test. Results Different feeding methods,duration of breast feeding and the time for outdoor activities were compared,there were differences in the different groups of vitamin D level and ultrasonic bone mineral density in Z value (P<0.05).There was a significant difference in 25-(OH)D,ultrasonic bone mineral density Z value and height in the different groups(P<0.05). Conclusions Infant vitamin D nutritional status is closely related to bone mineral content.Reasonable amount of vitamin D is the future focus of child protection work.It was confirmed 25-(OH)D is the gold standard for the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets.The examination of infant serum 25-(OH)D of conditional units is suggested.

Analysis on breast feeding and anemia status among infants under 2 years old in rural areas of Hubei province

WU Lian-xi,WANG Pei-wei,LIU Shuang,LI Shi-yue,YAN Hong,ZUO Dan

2013, 21(11):  1175-1177. 

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Objective To find out breast feeding and anemia status among infants under 2 years old in rural areas of Hubei province. Methods 1 197 infants under 2 years old were investigated using cluster random sampling method in 8 cities(counties) in rural areas of Hubei.Data of breast feeding were collected using questionnaire,and 20μL peripheral blood were collected to measure haemoglobin concentration value. Results 1 125 of the 1 197(94.0%) infants had a history of breast feeding,and 965(85.8%) of those had been fed colostrum.The majority of infants (61.8%) were weaned during 7~12 months old,only 6.1% were weaned after 12 months.The prevalence of anemia among the infants was 32.7%.There were no significant differences on anemia prevalence between different age and sex.The anemia prevalence was lower in infants who had been fed colostrum.But results between whether having breastfeeding history,and between the different time of weaning,did not have significant differences. Conclusion Colostrum feeding is strongly recommended due to its benefit in reducting the prevalence of anemia.

Vitamin D status of early infants in winter in northern China

WANG Xiao-yan,JIN Chun-hua,WU Jian-xin,SUN Li-juan,LIU Zhuo,LI Yun-feng,WU Guang-chi

2013, 21(11):  1178-1181. 

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Objective To explore vitamin D status of early infants and provide the evidence for the application. Methods 72 subjects were selected from the infants who were born in winter in northern China.All subjects took vitamin D supplement from the 15th day after birth and accepted history and physical examination during the medication monthly.Umbilical cord blood at birth and the blood of infants at 4 months were collected.The levels of serum 25-(OH)D,calcium,phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Results The serum 25-(OH)D level was (21.91±5.75)nmol/L of cord blood and vitamin D status was deficiency in 72 (100.0%) cases.The serum 25-(OH)D level was (108.12±45.30) nmol/L of infants and vitamin D status was deficiency in 10(13.9%) cases.The serum 25-(OH)D levels of vitamin D daily supplement of 200U~,400U~ groups were (112.37±37.98)nmol/L and (133.97±34.93) nmol/L.There were 6(23.1%) cases of the serum 25-(OH)D levels ＜75nmol/L in daily intake of vitamin D 200U~ group and 2 cases (7.1%) in 400U~ group.Calcium,phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase levels of neonates and infants were normal. Conclusions Neonatal vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the region.Intake sufficient vitamin D as soon as possible after birth could significantly improve neonatal and early infant vitamin D deficiency;vitamin D daily supplement of 200 U could significantly increase serum 25-(OH)D levels.In order to achieve adequate vitamin D nutrition for the general population,400U vitamin D is recommended.

Feeding status of children under 2 years old in poor rural areas of Gansu province in 2007-2009

ZHAO Wen-li,HE Jian,CHEN Rui,CAI Mei,WANG Wen-long,YANG Hai-xia

2013, 21(11):  1181-1184. 

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Objective To analyze feeding status of children under 2 years old in the poor rural areas of Gansu province in 2007-2009. Methods Feeding status of 672 infants to study were studied who were selected from the program of "Surveillance of health-related risk factor of children under 6 years old in poor rural areas" and "Study on appropriate technology of children under-nutrition improvement in poor rural areas".SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Results The rate of almost exclusive breast-feeding of children under 6 months in poor rural areas of Gansu province in different years had statistical significance(χ²=9.068,P=0.011).It was 59.5% in 2008,and dropped to 45.0% in 2009.There were 75.8% of infants and young children without breast-feeding because of mother's milk was not enough.Approximately 19.0% of infants and young children were weaned under 6 months of age,13.4% of infants and young children were given complementary food in 6 months of age correctly. Conclusion The study demonstrated that it is unreasonable of feeding status of children under 2 years old in the poor rural areas of Gansu province,and we must carry out health education universally about knowledge of infant feeding.

Analysis and strategy research for the death of children under 5 years old in minority concentrated region in Sichuan

ZHAO Zi-ling,JIANG Ying-jia,WU Fang-yin,HE Lin-kun,XU Yue-zhong

2013, 21(11):  1184-1186. 

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Objective To analyze the causes of death distribution of children under 5 years old in minority concentrated region in Sichuan,for implementing development of preventive measures as well as providing the basis for decision-making of government departments. Methods The death information cards of children below 5 years old in minority concentrated region in Sichuan in 2012 were analyzed. Results Most of the children died in minority concentrated region in 2012 were infants.The top 5 causes of children death below 5 were pneumonia,premature and low birth weight,birth asphyxia,diarrhea,other diseases of the respiratory system.The proportions of death of infectious disease and avoidable death causes were 43.96% and 66.46%.These children mainly were born and died at home,nearly half of them did not have medical treatment. Conclusion To develop the economic and health conditions in minority concentrated region,to prevent and control infectious disease and avoidable death causes,to improve delivery rate and the quality of health care of children,child deaths below 5 years old in minority can be further reduced concentrated region.

Study on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitam D of infants in Yangzhou

YU Wei-ping,SUN Yu-ye,ZHAO Gui-ping,ZHANG Jing-li

2013, 21(11):  1187-1189. 

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Objective To understand the levels of 25-hydroxyvitam D [25-(OH)D]of infants in Yangzhou city and to provide scientific prevention vitamin D deficiency. Methods A total of 986 infants who received physical examination in Yangzhou maternal and child care service center were recruited from August to December,2012. Results The overall level of 25-(OH)D of 986 cases were (87.33±35.77)nmol/L,without statistical significance between sexes.The detection rates of 25-(OH)D of deficiency,insufficient,preferred range were 11.4%、32.3%、56.4%,respectively.The changes of vitamin D during different seasons were not obvious in infants,but it was important of 1~2 h/d outdoor activities and regular use of vitamin D. Conclusion The status of vitamin D of infants in Yangzhou is not optimistic,it is necessary to enhance education of vitamin D deficiency and to supervise systemically about activities in outdoor and vitamin D use.

Effect of maternal iron status in second trimester of pregnancy on iron-deficiency anemia among infants aged 3~5 months

WANG Hong,BI Ying-wei

2013, 21(11):  1189-1191. 

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Objective To investigate the effect of maternal iron levels in second trimester of pregnancy on iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) among infants aged 3~5 months. Method 127 couples of mother-baby were followed up from the second trimester of the mothers' pregnancy till the babies were 3~5 months old.Venous blood samples were collected from 127 pregnant women in the second trimesters from their umbilical cord and used for the determination of hemoglobin(Hb) and serum ferritin(SF).The infants blood samples were collected by fingerprick to measure Hb at the end of the follow-up visit.The maternal iron status and the values of SF were compared with infants IDA. Results 1) The prevalence of IDA of infants aged 3~5 months in the group of iron deficiency was 12.9% and normol iron level was 1.5% (χ²=4.62,P<0.05).2) The prevalence of umbilical cord SF<75 μg/L in the group of maternal iron deficiency was 25.8% and normol iron level was 4.6%(χ²=9.6,P<0.05).3)The prevalence of IDA of infants aged 3~5 months in the group of umbilical cord SF<75 μg/L was 31.6%,in SF≥75 μg/L was 2.8% (χ²=16.21,P<0.01). Conclusions The mild iron deficiency in the pregnant women during the second trimester could decrease the iron storage of fetus and then cause the IDA among infants aged 3~5 months.

Influence factors of physical development of 3~6-year-old children in Beijing

LI Yi-chen,PAN Ying,MENG Jie,HE Hui

2013, 21(11):  1192-1194. 

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Objective To explore the influence factors on physical development of children in Beijing. Methods 5 813 3~6-year-old children in 44 kindergartens were stratified and cluster sampled and monitored for their physical development indicators.Meanwhile,their caregivers were investigated by questionnaires.Data were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression. Results 98.1% of the 3~6-year-old children in Beijing achieved physical development standards.Children's birth weight,receiving special sports/arts training,obesity and their father taking part into sports were significantly affected children's physical development (P<0.05). Conclusion Children in Beijing should take part into sports exercises or special training on sports/arts often,which must be helpful for their sports capacity and skills improvement and physical development.

Complementary feeding status of 4~12 months infants in Beijing suburb in 2009

LI Chun-yu,MA Xiao-chen,ZHAO Yao,HUANG Lei,SHA Yi-mei

2013, 21(11):  1195-1198. 

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Objective To investigate the complementary feeding status of Beijing 4~12-month-old infant,and provide a scientific basis for the infant nutrition intervention. Method By using stratified cluster sampling method,431 4~12 months old infants in Beijing suburb were extracted and collected the informations of infant food supplement to make statistical analysis through questionnaires. Results All ages,formula milk was given priority to,and the add rate was higher.The formula milk was added before 4 months;ordinary milk and yogurt were add between 4~6 months.For 4~6 months old infants,the higher rate of all types of food supplement were commercially available baby cereal,eggs,egg yolk,fruit,vegetables,fruits and vegetables water.For 7~9 months and 10~12 months old infants,various complementary feeding rates were higher,but the addition rates of bacteria algae,grains,animal blood were less.The complementary feeding index of each age group were 10.85±6.21,35.37±14.08 and 26.32±5.63 respectively.Moreover,mother's cultural degree and food for the family expenses were related to the food feeding index (P≤0.05). Conclusion There are certain problems of feeding infants in Beijing suburb,and need to be further improved.

Growth retardation and related factors in preterm infants during different periods

WU Hui

2013, 21(11):  1198-1200. 

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Objective To evaluate preterm infants' growth retardation rate,and analyse its related factors during different periods. Methods From sepetember 2011 to December 2012,data of 191 premature infants in our hospital NICU were collected,including hospitalization and growing of postdischarged. Results 1)By evaluated weight,IUGR,EUGR,corrected gestational age to 48 weeks,corrected gestational age to 6 months growth retardation rate were 19.4%,32.5%,24.7%,16.0%.The differences were statistically significant.2)By discharge weight,gestational age,birth weight<P₁₀,PN,the first application of PN day age,the duration of PN were the most influencing factors to extrauterine growth retardation(EUGR) group.3)By weight of corrected gestational age of 6 months,discharge weight <P₁₀,was the most influencing factor to growth retardation group. Conclusion IUGR and EUGR management should be strengthened;nutritional support treatment should be provided in different period of preterm infants.

Analysis on the effect of family factors relating to the obesity of pre-school children

LI Yun,ZHANG Yue,ZHANG Ying,HUANG Jun,GU Wei-juan,XIAO Li-ping,YAN Wei-li

2013, 21(11):  1201-1203. 

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Objective To analyze the effect of family factors relating to the obesity of pre-school children,so as to figure out the epidemiology evidence and available intervention on the children obesity. Methods As to quantitative research,the obesity children of a series of communities in Minhang district were selected relied on the randomized cluster sampling method,meanwhile the non-obesity children were paired simultaneously. Results Girl taking more physical activity relied on the attitude of parents,having more food required by parents were the protective factors of obesity and overweight of children,but family history of overweight and obesity,overtaken food,longtime sleep,the attitude of obesity no harm were the risk factors of obesity and overweight. Conclusion Of prime importance is the recognition that the attitude of parents is the risk factors,so as to available intervention of children obesity based on family will be effective.

Epidemiological investigation of oral health among 12-year-old children in Shaanxi province

HAN Ke-shi,LI Bing-qi,TIAN Jian-gang,SUN Ye,LI Yan-ping,HUANG Rui-zhe

2013, 21(11):  1204-1206. 

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Objective To survey the oral health status of 12 years old in Shaanxi province,and provide a base line for oral health service. Methods According to the third national oral health survey criteria,the oral status of 788 children in Shaanxi province were examined.SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results The prevalence of caries and DFT were 21.2% and 0.33 respectively.The prevalences had no significant differences between male and female,urban and rural area;High levels of DFT were recorded in countryside and in the female,when compared to the urban and the male opponents.The survey found that the filling rate of caries was only 5.4%,in urban and female were higher than rural and male(P<0.05).The detection rate of dental calculus and gingival bleeding were 21.2% and 71.2%,respectively.There were significant differences of Gingival bleeding prevalence between rural and urban area(P<0.01),but no significant difference between male and female(P<0.05).dental calculus prevalence between rural and urban area male and female had no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion Oral health status in Shaanxi province should be paid more attention to.More effective measures should be taken to control the prevalence of dental caries,increase filling rate,improve oral health status,and strengthen the oral health education.

Kaup and Quetelet longitudinal study of physical development index in 1975-2005 Kunming children under 7 years old

LIU Jie,GUO Bi-zhou,TAO Dong-yan,ZHAO Ping,PU Bin,LIU Wen-mei,GENG Ni-jun

2013, 21(11):  1206-1209. 

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Objective To analyze the long-term growth trend of children aged 0~6 years in the Kunming area,the physical development of children under the age of 7 index index system for the establishment of the Kunming area to lay the foundation. Method Kunming in nine cities across the country under the leadership of the Ministry of Health since 1975,every 10 years,to 2005,a total of four survey years period "for children under 7 years of age physical development survey study published in Kunming indicators of the regional survey data (weight,height,mean),to calculate and compare the children's physical development index (two indices). Results 1)As Quetelet Index reflects the human body and the reality of the nutritional status,assess the nutritional status of infants examination Ukraine Pu rural first high to low,the city was from low to high,showing the 1975 segment,the rural good in the city,the survey segment was a city in the rural.2)Quetelet Index in June-16 age group 1~2 short growth period of stagnation.3)The growth and development of children aged 0~6 years in the Kunming area was 1975-2005 suburban difference,the overall upward trend of the growth of wavy. Conclusion Kaup and Quetelet index can be well reflected the laws of growth and development of children.

Analysis of relationship between obesity and blood pressure in the children and adolescents

LIU Xiao-hui,WEI Jing,LI Ze-min,CUI Wei-hong,JIA Xiao-rong

2013, 21(11):  1209-1211. 

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Objective To investigate the relationship between obesity and blood pressure in children and adolescents in order to provide evidence for early prevention and intervention for the cardiovascular disease. Method 4 841 7~17 year old children and adolescents were selected in Qingdao from National Student Physical Fitness and Health survey in 2010,for the study.We used the chi-square test,standard deviation method and multivariate logistic regression analysis for analysis according to overweight and obesity screening standards and blood pressure reference standard of children and adolescent in China. Results Overweight and obesity detection rate of 7~17 year old students in Qingdao was 15.37% and 11.59%,respectively.Rate of boys was higher than girls.High blood pressure detection rate was 30.4%,and the rate of boys was higher than girls.The rate in urban was higher than in rural.Blood pressure Z-score in descending order were obese group,overweight,normal weight group.BMI in the high blood pressure group 20.58±4.42 was higher than the normal group 18.85±3.47.Multivariate analysis showed that urban and rural areas,gender,age and BMI were the influencing factors of blood pressure. Conclusion High blood pressure detection rate in Qingdao was higher than which in Shandong province.Older urban obese boys had high probability of hypertension occurrence.

Analyses on the levels of zinc,calcium and iron in whole blood of children with lead poisoning in different age phase

XU Xiao-li,DENG Jun-xia,ZHANG Guo-cheng,XU Dong-liang,SUN-Xin,WU Hai-xia,HUANG Yan-xian

2013, 21(11):  1212-1214. 

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Objective To explore the levels of zinc,calcium and iron in whole blood of children with lead poisoning in different age phase,and provide clinical guidance for the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning. Methods 140 cases of patient children in children health care with lead poisoning and 140 cases of children as control were divided into three age groups:toddler's age,preschool age and school age.The blood lead,zinc,calcium and iron were detected by atom absorption spectrometry. Results The levels of blood lead in different age group of children with lead poisoning had no significant differences.In comparison with the control group,the levels of blood zinc and calcium were decreased in different age group of children with lead poisoning,and the rates of zinc and calcium deficiency were increased in different age group of children with lead poisoning.In comparison with the control group,the iron level of children with lead poisoning in toddler's age was decreased,and the iron levels of children with lead poisoning in preschool and school age had no significant difference. Conclusions For the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning,the children should strengthen the zinc and calcium nutrients,and the children in toddler's age should strengthen the iron nutrients.

Research on relationship between neonatal weight and dietary,medicine factors during pregnancy

ZHAI Jing-hua,SONG Ai-qin,GUO Li-yan,LIU Xia,ZHANG Yan,LI Yin-long

2013, 21(11):  1215-1218. 

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Objective To research the relationship between neonatal weight and puerpera folic acid intake and dietary with other factors. Method Self-designed questionnaire was applied to 216 puerpera of people's in hospital by anonymous survey. Results 1)Puerperaes weekly taking fruit frequency was different,the difference in neonatal weight change was statistically significant (P=0.011);2)The difference in neonatal weight change among taking different vegetable quantities was statistically significant (P=0.014);3)The difference in neonatal weight change among puerperaes taking different meat quantities was statistically significant (P=0.001);4)The difference in neonatal weight change among puerperaes taking soy maternal of different times per week was statistically significant by analysis (P=0.000);5)Whether puerperaes taking folic acid about three months before pregnancy or during pregnancy period or not had an influence on infant birth weight(P=0.027);6)The result of the multiple linear regression analysis was that the infant birth weight might be affected by the times of intaking vegetable,meat,beans and nuts. Conclusion A balanced diet and nutrition enough and reasonable taking folic acid effectively prevent low birth weight.

Analysis on physical examination results of children aged 0~6 years in 2010-2012 in Daan of Zigong city

YANG Ying

2013, 21(11):  1218-1220. 

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Objectives To analyze the physical examination results of children aged 0~6 years in 2010-2012 in Daan of Zigong city,and provide a scientific basis for the future foundation of children's health care and the prevention of childhood diseases. Methods Height compliance rate,weight compliance rate,the detection rate of stunting,the detection rate of anemia,the detection rate of dental caries of children aged 0~6 years in 2010-2012 were selected from the examination results in Daan of Zigong city,then analyzed the differences of these indexes in children of different ages in 2010,2011,2012. Results Height compliance rate,weight compliance rate and the detection rate of anemia were increased (P<0.05) year by year in different ages in 2010-2012;the detection rate of stunting in 2011 was higher than 2010 (P<0.05),but it had downward trend in 2012;the detection rate of dental caries had no significant difference in 2010-2012 under 3 years old children (χ²=3.877,P=0.144),but it was increased in 3~5 years old children year by year and decreased over 5 years old. Conclusion The physical development of children aged 0~6 years have a good tread these year,but with other developmental retardation,such as language and intelligence,so we need to focus on children's health education,also anemia and elderly dental caries in children should be taken seriously and preventive and strengthened the intervention in crowd.

Breastfeeding status and relevant factors of 0~36 months infant in Chongqing

LI Qing-ying,LIU Qin,LIU Shu-dan,ZHU Wei,CHENG Xu-ting,CAI Lin-li,DU Cheng-feng,HE An-ran

2013, 21(11):  1222-1225. 

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Objective To study the breastfeeding status and its relevant factors of infants in Chongqing. Methods According to the regional differences and economic situation,633 eligible mothers with babies aged 0 to 36 months were selected from four districts in downtown Chongqing and two suburban districts.The data were entered in Epi Data 3.1 database and analysed using SPSS 18.0 software.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse the relevant factors influencing breastfeeding. Results The exclusive breastfeeding rate at 4 months was 58.5% in study areas.Multivariate Logistic regression showed that peers adopting exclusive breastfeeding,insufficient breast milk consciously,being confidence of breastfeeding were positive factors to exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months,mind of breastfeeding in public places was negative factor to exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months. Conclusion The exclusive breastfeeding rate in study areas should be improved.It is necessary to take effective measures to promote exclusive breastfeeding.

Nutritional status and dietary energy intake level for the 6 to 12-month-old infants in Lixia district in Jinan city

DANG Yan,KOU Yan,CHENG Lin,YANG Jiu-juan,LI Yan

2013, 21(11):  1226-1227. 

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Objective To understand the nutritional status and dietary energy intake level for the 6 to 12-month-old infants in Lixia district in Jinan city and offer related guidance for the parents to do reasonable feeding. Methods 10 320 healthy infants with age ranging from 6 to 12 months old were investigated.The health situation was measured by the means of height for weight recommended by WHO and the questionnaire has been done among the parents in order to obtain information about the infants' dietary pattern. Results There was no statistical significance (P＞0.05) for the difference of nutritional status of infants with different genders.The difference feeding between breast feeding and mixed feeding had statistical significance (P＜0.05) instead.The rate of breast feeding was higher for female infants than male infants while the mix feeding rate for male infants was higher than female infants.No dramatically difference among female and male infants existed for the artificial feeding.No significant difference of nutritional status was caused from different feeding methods.However,the artificial feeding to infants with different genders resulted in the prominent difference in nutritional status.There was no striking difference about the RNI of three material (carbohydrate,axunge and protein),microelement and vitamin for the infants with different nutritional status (P＞0.05). Conclusion The nutritional status is acceptable in general and the growth and development situation met the standard level whereas there were exceptional unreasonable individual feeding cases.It is crucial to note that dietary structure needs to be adjusted in order to maintain the balance among various nutrient.

Study on early development training on infant neuropsychological development

XIE Ya-chun,YAO Tian-hong,HU Xiao-sha,DONG Jing,XU Xin,CHEN Xue-qiong,CHI Xia,TONG Mei-ling

2013, 21(11):  1228-1230. 

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Objective To explore the effect of early development training on infant neuropsychological development,demonstrating,and popularize the education mode of demonstration and individualized,Thereby promoting early child development. Methods A total of 71 infants of early education group and 70 infants of control group were regularly followed up within 12 months.During follow-up,Gesell developmental scale was used at 6 months,9 months,12 months of age,and the developmental quotient (DQ) were analyzed between early education group and control group. Results At 9 months of age,both fine motor DQ and language DQ of early education group were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05).At 12 months of age,the fine motor DQ,language DQ,and social adaptation DQ of early education group were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The early development training can promote infant neuropsychological development,fine motor and language were more dependent on environmental stimulation,and the demonstration and individualized education mode of early child development was a long-term and positive significance.