Evaluation and intervention of hot- and cool-executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

YANG Bin-rang; CHEN Qiao-ru

doi:10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1315

PDF(734 KB)

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12) : 1277-1281. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1315

Evaluation and intervention of hot- and cool-executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

YANG Bin-rang, CHEN Qiao-ru

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Executive function impairment emerges as a primary cognitive deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), involving prefrontal cortex and multi-level brain network dysfunction. Executive function has been functionally classified into cool and hot. Cool-executive function impairment mainly manifests in response inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility, while hot-executive function impairment usually involves delayed gratification, reward/punishment-related decision-making, self-regulation and emotion regulation. A variety of traditional paradigms have been used when assessing executive function in ADHD children, some of which are reliably modified and culturally adapted. Based on the literature, clinical practice should not focus exclusively on cool executive function. Children′s impairment in hot executive function (with emotional and social components) should also be noted as significant indicators when evaluating the state of children′s condition. Additionally, dynamic follow-up and intervention should be required to achieve the best results in the long term.

Key words

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / cool/hot-executive function / assessment / intervention / children

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

YANG Bin-rang, CHEN Qiao-ru. Evaluation and intervention of hot- and cool-executive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2022, 30(12): 1277-1281 https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1315

References

[1] MTA Cooperative Group, Multimodal Treatment Study ofChildren with ADHD:A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1999(56):1073-1086.
[2] Sibley MH, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, et al. Variable patterns of remission from ADHD in the multimodal treatment study of ADHD[J]. Am J Psychiat, 2022, 179(2):142-151.
[3] Nigg JT. Annual research review:On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology [J]. J Child Psychol Psyc, 2017, 58(4):361-383.
[4] Zelazo PD, Carlson SM, Kesek A. The development of executive function in childhood[M]// Nelson CA,Luciana M. Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge:MIT Press,2008:553-574.
[5] Sonuga-Barke EJ.The dual pathway model of AD/HD:An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics [J]. Neurosci Biobehav R, 2003, 27(7):593-604.
[6] Brown T.Attention deficit disorder:The unfocused mind in children andadults[M]. New Haven:Yale University Press, 2006.
[7] Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fischer M.ADHD in adults:What the sciencesays[M]. New York:Guilford Press,2010.
[8] Barkley RA. What is executive function? 7 deficits tied to ADHD[EB/OL].(2022-11-02) https://www.additudemag.com/7-executive-function-deficits-linked-to-adhd/.
[9] Diamond A, Lee K.Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old [J]. Science,2011, 333(6045):959-964.
[10] Barkley RA. Executive functions:What they are, how they work,and why they evolved[M]. New York:Guilford Press,2020.
[11] Salehinejad MA, Ghanavati E, et al. Hot and cold executive functions in the brain:A prefrontal-cingular network [J]. Brain Neurosci Adv, 2021, 5:23982128211007769.
[12] Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2015, 1:15020.
[13] Tang C, Wei Y, Zhao J, et al. Different developmental pattern of brain activities in ADHD:A study of resting-state fMRI [J].Dev Neurosci, 2018, 40(3):246-257.
[14] Zelazo PD. Executive function and psychopathology:A neurodevelopmental perspective[J]. Annu Rev Clin Psychol,2020, 16(1):431-454.
[15] Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, et al. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:A meta-analytic review [J]. Biol Psychiat, 2005, 57(11):1336-1346.
[16] Willoughby M,Kupersmidt J, Voegler-Lee M, et al. Contributions of hot and cool self-regulation to preschool disruptive behavior and academic achievement [J]. Dev Neuropsychol, 2011, 36(2):162-180.
[17] Repovs G, Baddeley A.The multi-component model of working memory:Explorations in experimental cognitive psycholody [J].Neurosci, 2006(139):5-21.
[18] Mehsen V, Morag L, Chesta S, et al. Hot executive function assessment instruments in preschool children:A systematic review [J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021, 19(1):95.
[19] Marco R, Miranda A,Schlotz W, et al. Delay and reward choice in ADHD:An experimental test of the role of delay aversion [J]. Neuropsychology, 2009, 23(3):367.
[20] Kable JW, Glimcher PW. The neurobiology of decision:Consensus and controversy [J]. Neuron, 2009, 63(6):733-745.
[21] vanMeel CS, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, et al. ERPs associated with monitoring and evaluation of monetary reward and punishment in children with ADHD [J]. J Child Psychol Psyc, 2011, 52(9):942-953.
[22] Russo SJ,Nestler EJ. The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders [J]. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2013, 14(9):609-625.
[23] Schönenberg M, Schneidt A, Wiedemann E, et al. Processing of dynamic affective information in adults with ADHD [J]. J Atten Disord, 2009, 23(1):32-39.
[24] Faraone SV.The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate:Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities [J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2018, 87:255-270.
[25] Costa A, Riedel M,Pogarell O, et al. Methylphenidate effects on neural activity during response inhibition in healthy humans [J]. Cereb Cortex, 2013, 23(5):1179-1189.
[26] Moeller SJ,Honorio J, Tomasi D, et al. Methylphenidate enhances executive function and optimizes prefrontal function in both health and cocaine addiction [J]. Cereb Cortex, 2014, 24(3):643-653.
[27] de Jong CG, van DeVoorde S, Roeyers H, et al. Differential effects of atomoxetine on executive functioning and lexical decision in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder [J]. J Child Adol Psychop, 2009, 19(6):699-707.
[28] Brown TE,Holdnack J, Saylor K, et al. Effect of atomoxetine on executive function impairments in adults with ADHD [J]. J Atten Disord, 2011,15(2):130-138.
[29] Chen S, Yu J, Zhang Q, et al. Which factor is more relevant to the effectiveness of the cognitive intervention?A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive training on symptoms and executive function behaviors of children with ADHD [J]. Front Psychol, 2022, 12:810298.
[30] Cortese S, Ferrin M, Brandeis D, et al. Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials [J]. J Am Acad Child Psy, 2015, 54(3):164-174.