Table of Content

10 August 2014, Volume 22 Issue 8

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Case-control study on school-aged children obesity correlation between fatty liver and blood lipid metabolic abnormalities.

LIU Qian, CHEN Hong, ZHU Qing-ling, YE Xin-hua, YUAN Xin-hui.

2014, 22(8):  788-790.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-02

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Objective To study the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and blood lipid metabolism and its related factors in school-aged obesity children in Lanzhou. Methods Grades 1~6 pupils aged 7 to 14 were selected from 3 schools.BMI were chosen as normal control.Abdominal ultrasound was taken, and 5 mL fasting venous blood samples was collected to detect aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Results A total of 80 obese children were detected from 3 000 children.Compared with 51 normal controls, AST, ALT, GGT, CHOL, TG, LDL-C were higher while HDL-C was lower in obese children (P<0.05).AST, ALT, GGT, TG, LDL-C as the risk factors and was positively associated with NAFLD while HDL-C as the protective factors and was negatived.The detection rate of obese children with NAFLD was 27.5% (22/80);The control group did not detecet NAFLD, the incidence of obese children with NAFLD was obviously higher than that of normal children (P<0.05).Compared with the obesity group without NAFLD, AST, ALT, GGT, TG were higher while HDL-C was lower (P<0.05). Conclusion Obesity can lead to liver damage, blood lipid metabolic abnormalities, even the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in school-aged children, NAFLD could increase liver function damage and lipid metabolism disorders furtherly.

Study on children micronutrient supplementation coverage, influence factors and prediction of its effect on stunting in rural areas of Guizhou.

HUA Xin-yang, JIANG Zhen, WANG Zhi-feng, GUO-Yan.

2014, 22(8):  791-794.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-03

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Objective To explore the effect and strategy of reducing children stunting through micronutrient supplementation in rural areas of Guizhou province. Methods Based on household survey data, the coverage of children VitA supplementation and zinc supplementation from 2008 to 2012 was described in the investigation areas of Guizhou, Logistic regression was used to analyze influence factors of children micronutrient supplementation, the LiST was used to predict the effect on stunting if the coverage of children VitA and zinc supplementation is gradually improved to 99.9% in 2020. Results The coverage of children VitA and zinc supplementation in 2012 in the investigation areas were 50.9% and 31.7%.The main influence of factors children micronutrient supplementation were mother's education and nation.Improving the coverage of VitA and Zinc supplementation to 99.9% in 2020 could reduce stunting rate by 1.26%. Conclusions Improving the coverage of children micronutrient supplementation could effectively reduce stunting rate in rural areas of Guizhou.Interventions that focus on mothers with relatively low education and who come from minorities should be conducted to improve the coverage of children micronutrient supplementation in rural areas of Guizhou.

Analysis of genomic copy number variations in 55 children with unexplained mental retardation and developmental delay by array-comparative genomic hybridization.

ZHANG Li-na, LIANG Li-yang, MENG Zhe, HOU Le-le, LI Ping-gan, LI Dong-fang.

2014, 22(8):  795-798.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-04

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Objective To seek related genetic pathogenic factors by screening for genome-wide copy number variations (CNVs) in 55 Chinese children with unexplained mental retardation or developmental delay (MR/DD) using high resolution array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), identify rare CNVs (microdeletions/duplications) which may associate with MR/DD, and evaluate the effectiveness of aCGH in clinical molecular diagnosis of children with unexplained MR/DD. Methods A total of 55 children with unexplained MR/DD were recruited for this study from June to December in 2013 in SUN Yat-sen Memorial Hospital.Their genomic CNVs were detected by using 25~50 K CytoScan HD chip, then the pathogenic CNVs were analyzed with bioinformatics tools. Results Rare CNVs were identified on 21 out of 55 children with unexplained MR/DD, which had been analyzed with the references from database of genomic variants and were considered as pathogenic CNVs.19 CNVs were related to MR/DD while the other 2 were associated with known syndromes. Conclusions Microdeletions/microduplications related to the genomic CNVs, which couldn't be identified using traditional chromosome analysis, are demonstrated as one of the cause of unexplained MR/DD.aCGH could help with the clinical molecular diagnosis and prognosis of children with unexplained MR/DD, and with the evaluation of the risk of family-recurrence.

Comparison of two neonatal growth reference.

ZHANG Ya-qin, GAO Cai-yun, ZENG Ting, YAN Ai-xia, LI Hui.

2014, 22(8):  799-802.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-05

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Objective To compare the difference in practices between Chinese neonatal growth reference in 1988 (Abbreviation for "China 1988") and the Fenton neonatal growth reference in 2003(Abbreviation for "Fenton 2003"). Methods Subjects were live newborns in two Maternal and Child Health Hospitals in the northern and southern areas of China during 2011 to 2012.The birth weight of newborns was assessed by using the growth reference of China 1998 and Fenton 2003 and compared the difference of two assessment results. Results 1) The birth weight of newborns were lower before 36 weeks of gestational age and higher after 37 weeks of gestational age (100~157 g) when comparing with the China 1988.The differences of birth weight were not obvious before 32 weeks of gestational age and the birth weight was lower after 32 weeks when comparing with the Fenton 2003.The shapes of P₁₀ and P₅₀ percentile curves in this paper were similar with the two reference charts, while the shapes of P₉₀ percentile curve was different with the China 1988 but similar with the Fenton 2003;2) The BWZ of the China 1988 and Fenton 2003 were respectively 0.18(95%CI:0.17~0.20) and -0.16(95%CI:-0.18~-0.15);3)The relevance ratio of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) using the China 1988 and Fenton 2003 were respectively 16.7% and 12.4% for newborns younger than 37 weeks, 5.9% and 7.2% for newborns older than 37 weeks.The relevance ratio of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) using the China 1988 and Fenton 2003 were respectively 3.8% and 6.1% for newborns younger than 37 weeks, 17.8% and 4.4% for newborns older than 37 weeks. Conclusion The assessment results of the two growth reference were different.The relevance ratio of SGA newborns aged younger than 37 weeks and LGA newborns aged older than 37 weeks were higher when using the China 1988, while the relevance ratio of LGA for newborns younger than 37 weeks and SGA for newborns older than 37 weeks were higher when using the Fenton 2003.It had illustrated that the Fenton 2003 would suitable for the contemporary newborns by comparing the newborns' birth weight.

Analysis of physical fitness conditions of Uygur children and adolescents between 7～18 years old in Xinjiang in 2012.

ABULA·Yusupu, LI Qian, ALIMUJIANG·Yimiti·Taerken.

2014, 22(8):  803-806.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-06

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Objective To understand the physical fitness status and the differences between urban and rural of Uygur children and adolescents at 7～18 years old, and to develop scientific Methods of teaching and provide a scientific basis for training programs. Method Stratified random cluster sample survey method, was used to carry out the statistical analysis and comparison testing physical fitness indicators of the Xinjiang 7～18 years old 4 959 Uygur children and adolescents in 2012. Results The overall physical fitness of Xinjiang Uygur children and adolescents aged 7～18 had growth trend with increasing age in 2012, but unbalanced urban and rural development.Speed quality of urban boys was better than rural boys, the average difference was 0.01 s, rural girls were better than urban girls, the average difference was 0.33 s.Endurance of urban boys and girls were poor than rural boys and girls, the average difference were 2.15 s and 6.08 s.Explosive qualities of urban boys were poor than rural boys, the average difference was 0.26 cm, urban girls were better than rural girls, the average difference was 0.19 cm.Flexibility quality of urban boys and girls were poor than rural boys and girls, the average difference were 0.51 cm and 1.01 cm.Power quality of urban boys were poor than rural boys, the average difference was 0.49 times, urban girls were better than rural girls, the average difference was 0.54 times;Some differences between urban and rural area were existed, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusion Exercises to strengthen the students' conscious awareness training, comprehensively improving the physical fitness of students, is the primary problem needed to solve for a modern school physical education.

Analysis of iron deficiency infants' cognitive level.

ZOU Shi-pu, QIU Xiao-lu, LI Guo-lin.

2014, 22(8):  807-809.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-07

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Objective To analyse the non-anemia iron deficiency(NAID) and iron deficiency anemia(IDA) infants' cognitive level. Method The Gesell developmental test was used to assess the development of adaptive behavior(A), gross motor(G), fine motor(F), language(L), personal-social behavior(P). Results Both NAID and IDA groups' male infants were more than female ones(χ²=13.06, P=0.001);The mental developmental quotient(DQ) of NAID group and IDA group was lower than iron sufficiency (IS) group, but no difference between NAID group and IDA group(FA=13.64, FG=6.24, FF=6.25, FL=4.89, FP=9.14, all P<0.01);The male infants' developmental quotients(DQ) of language, personal-social behavior were significantly lower than those of female infants(F=9.299, P=0.003;F=4.250, P=0.042). Conclusion The DQ of Iron deficiency with or without anemia infants are lower than iron sufficient ones, that means iron deficiency needs early intervention in clinic.

Detection and analysis of bone mineral density measured by ultrasound in children under 6 years old in Yidu city.

XIAO Jian-guo, LIU Gui-fang, LI Xue-chuan, LIU Dong-mei, YANG Qin, MOU Qin, HU Li-ye.

2014, 22(8):  810-812.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-08

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Objective To understand present situation and change rule and influence factors of ultrasonic bone mineral density of the city children under the age of six, to provide reference data of normal population and the work direction for bone health care of children. Methods From June 2011 to December 2012, bone mineral density testing of healthy children in our hospital detected 7 064, including male 3 681, female 3 383.Using Israel Omnisense 7000P type of quantitative ultrasound bone density detector, in accordance with the standards for bone mineral density testing, the left tibia interrupt point for babies under 3 years old the radial 1/3 as the measurement point for the children aged ≥3, the ultrasonic speed (the speed of sound, SOS) value were measured.At the same time, application of self-made questionnaires, to parents of children collected with accurate records of children including the children's date of birth, family income, educational level of parents, parenting culture degree, family type, pregnant condition, feeding, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, the time for outdoor activities, there is no familial bone disease and other major diseases. Results The normal range of ultrasonic bone mineral density values of children below 6 years old in 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 months old were:(2 877.23±214.44), (3 275.32±215.89), (3 459.66±195.60), (3 577.46±300.45), (3 605.55±288.53), (3 642.49±288.04)m/s, with the age increasing gradually increase.Within 3 years old the bone mineral density increased rapidly, especially infants.After the age of 3, bone mineral density increased slowly, there was a significant difference between different age groups (P<0.01).Among all age groups, the t test showed that differences between boys and girls had no statistical significance (P＞0.05).Multiple conditional Logistic regression analysis showed:mother late gestation supplement vitamin D, given daily oral vitamin D in children aged, active/passive movement, timely add animal food, outdoor activities are protective factors of bone mineral density in children. Conclusions The establishment of ultrasonic bone mineral density normal range values in children under the age of 6.Can provide clinical reference for the future of children's bone health Yidu city.

Correlation between nutrition status and physical fitness of children and adolescents aged 7～18 years old in Shandong province.

TIAN Tian, XUE Jian, WANG Shuo, WANG Ying, LI Jun.

2014, 22(8):  813-815.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-09

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Objective To understand the nutrition status of children in Shandong in 2010, and to analyze the correlation between overweight, obesity, wasting and the level of physical fitness. Methods According to the students constitution and health survey data of Shandong students in 2010, the normal weight, overweight, obesity and wasting children were screened out based on body mass index (BMI);the central obesity and general obesity were divided based on waist circumference (WC).Controlled for gender and sex, the correlation between different nutrition status and physiological functions, athletic ability through partial correlation and covariance were analyzed. Results The prevalence of overweight, obesity and wasting were 14.7%, 11.4% and 7.9%, respectively;central obesity and general obesity were 77.4% and 22.6% respectively in obese children.Controlled for gender and sex, BMI & WC were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, 50 meters run time, endurance run time(P<0.01);and were negatively correlated with spiro-index, grip index, sit-ups, standing long jump(P<0.01).Covariance analysis showed that the average levels of physiological functions and athletic ability of overweight, obesity and wasting group students had lower levels than the students with normal BMI, central obesity group students were lower than the general obesity. Conclusions Undernutrition and overnutrition coexisted among the children and adolescences in Shandong in 2010;overweight, obesity and wasting can lead to the decline of physiological functions and athletic ability;central obesity have greater influence on physical fitness than general obesity.

Study on the association between growth pattern of preschool age and insulin resistance in small for gestaional age infants.

ZHAO Yi-huai, YANG Shu-hui, CHEN Ni, ZHOU You-shan, CAI Li-xuan, LIN Ming-xiang.

2014, 22(8):  816-818.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-10

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Objective To explore the relationship between growth pattern from birth to preschool age and insulin resistance. Methods Fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β value in 68 small for gestaional age(SGA) infants and 42 appropriate for gestaional age(AGA) infants at age 3-day and 4-year were studied by a prospective study, and the relations with growth pattern were analyzed in 68 SGA infants. Results SGA infants had significantly higher fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR value than AGA infants at age 3-day and 4-year (P<0.05).No catch-up growth of weight in SGA infants had significantly higher fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR value than catch-up growth of weight in SGA infants(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in HOMA-β value among each groups (P>0.05). Conclusions SGA infants display insulin resistance from birth to preschool age.No catch-up growth of weight in SGA infants have higher insulin resistance.The function of β-cell of pancreatic islands has no remarkable change.

Ganglioside combined with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonate rats.

ZHANG Qin-fen, TU Wen-juan, LI Hong-xin, XIE Peng.

2014, 22(8):  819-821.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-11

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Objective To observe the effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) combined with ganglioside (GM1) on the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonate rats. Methods First, the models of 7-day-old neonate rats with HIBD brain were established.Then, after 72 hours, the same amount hUCMSCs were transplanted into the hUCMSCs transplantation group and the hUCMSCs+GM1 group, at the same time, GM1 was injected into the hUCMSCs+GM1 group through abdominal cavity.Spatial learning was assessed using a Morris water maze test from 31 to 35 days after the transplantation.Finally, after the behavioral tests, brain tissues of rats were removed after 4% paraformaldehyde was perfused in cardiac to fix brain and successive sections were made using a cryomicrotome.Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the distribution of DiI-labeled hUCMSCs and expression of DCX. Results The hUCMSCs+GM1 group showed more significant neurological functions improvement than the hUCMSCs transplantation group as revealed by Morris water maze test.The transplantation descendants of hUCMSCs could migrate to the brain tissue, and could differentiate into neuronal precursor cells, and the hUCMSCs+GM1 group showed more DiI-labeled hUCMSCs in brain tissue. Conclusion Transplanted hUCMSCs could improve the recovery of neurological functions after HIBD and promote rats' behavioral function improvement.And GM1 exerts a synergistic effect in this treatment.

Study on the protection of taurine to nerve tube defects by cyclophosphamide.

MA Yong-zhen.

2014, 22(8):  822-825.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-12

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Objective To study the animal model of neural tube defects (NTDs) induced by cyclophosphamide (CD) in mice, and to explore the protective effects of taurine and its mechanism, and provide a theoretical basis on the prevention of human NTDs. Methods NTDs model was set up in mouse embryo by CP.The mouse embryonic neural tube development situation and the abnormal situation in each group was analysised and compared.Immunohistochemistry and image analysis technology were used to detected the expression of Cx26 and Cx43 protein in each group of mouse embryonic neural tube epithelial cells.Its relationship was analyzed with NTDs happening. Results 1)The best dose was 15 mg/kg body weight to establish the model of NTDs in mice with CP.Taurine could effectively reducing the occurrence of NTDs.2)Cx26 and Cx43 proteins were localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm in nerve cells.The expressions of Cx26 and Cx43 proteins in CP group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05).The expressions of Cx26 and Cx43 proteins in middle and high dosage taurine group were decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusions Excessive expressions of Cx26 and Cx43 might be one of the important causes of NTDs with cyclophosphamide.Taurine can antagone the toxicity of cyclophosphamide and protect nerve cells, witch may reduce the occurrence of NTDs.

Effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside on low-grade inflammation and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese rats.

JIN Hui, MA Lu-yi.

2014, 22(8):  826-828.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-13

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Objective To examine the effects of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) on serum inflammatory cytokines and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese rats. Methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group (n=8) and a high fat diet group (n=22), and were fed with standard diet or high fat diet.Five weeks later, 17 high-fat diet-induced obese rats were assigned to a obese group (n=8) and a C3G group (n=9).Then, rats of obese group were treated with C3G at 100 mg/(kg·d) for 5 weeks.Body weight, visceral adiposity weight were measured, blood sample was collected for detecting levels of fasting glucose(FPG), fasting insulin(FINS), leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, finally calculated visceral adiposity weight to body weight ratio(VBR) and insulin sensitivity index(IAI). Results Body weight, VBR, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 in the obese group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05).The C3G group had significantly lower levels of body weight, VBR, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 than the obese group(all P<0.05), but the levels of the paremeters in the C3G group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).Adiopnectin and insulin sensitivity index in the obese group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), C3G treatment dramatically increased adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity index compared with the obese group (P<0.05), although the levels of the two parameters did not reach to the levels of the control group. Conclusion Cyanidin-3-glucoside can increase insulin sensitivity through regulating serum inflammatory cytokines levels in obese rats.

Z scores for growth status of children under 7 years old and its influential factors

HUI Ya-ru, ZHANG Jing-jing, XU Ling-zhong, GAI Ruo-yan, QI Hua-jin, CUI Yi-meng

2014, 22(8):  839-841.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-17

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Objective To study growth status of children under 7 years old and its influential factors, providing scientific reference for improving their health. Methods The method of stratified-cluster-random sampling was used in this study.735 cases of left-behind children aged 0~7 years old were sampled from 2 counties and 6 nursery schools of Shandong, and surveyed with self-made questionnaire. Results Prevalence rates of growth retardation, underweight and wasting were 4.8%, 2.6%, 2.0% respectively.The Z scores of HAZ, WAZ and WHZ were 0.83±2.40, 0.70±1.99, 0.22±1.80 respectively.There were significant differences in growth retardation, underweight and wasting of different age(P<0.05). Conclusion In investigate area, the health status of children under 7 years old is normal mainly, but effective measures still should be taken to adjust dietary habits and improve physical fitness

Analysis of the ultrasound measurement of calcaneus in preschool children in Haidian, Beijing.

WANG Li-na, WANG Yong, FENG Jing-jing.

2014, 22(8):  842-843.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-18

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Objective To find out the situation of bone nutrition and the change with age of the preschool children in Haidian, Beijing. Method Speed of sound (SOS) of calcaneus of 9 068 preschool children aged 2～6 years old were measured with quantitative ultrasound system. Results Calcaneus SOS decreased gradually as age increasing, and there was no significant difference between boys and girls.The deficiency rate of bone mineral content of boys was 49.83% and that of girls was 38.47%, and mild deficiency rate was 87.40%.There were statistic differences of the distribution of the deficiency degree in different age between boys and girls. Conclusions SOS of calcaneus of preschool children aged 2～6 years old in Haidian, Beijing decrease gradually as age increasing, and the deficiency of bone mineral content especially mild deficiency is prevalent.

Study on the status of anemia and iron deficiency among children aged 6 months to 7 years old in rural areas in Hefei.

FU Su-lin, SHAO Zi-yu, YIN Gang-zhu, WANG Yan, HUANG Yan, WEI Hua-zhang.

2014, 22(8):  844-846.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-19

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Objective To analyze the status of anemia and iron deficiency among children aged 6 months to 7 years old in rural areas in Hefei and provide a scientific basis for prevent and cure anemia and iron deficiency in children effectively. Method A total of 2 095 children aged 6 months to 7 years old were tested hemoglobin and ferritin. Results There were 331 children with anemia (15.80%) and 392 children with iron deficiency (18.71%), while 114 children with iron deficiency (34.44%) among 331 children with anemia.The morbidity rate of anemia and iron deficiency were decreased along with the increased age.Smallest age group's detection rate was the highest. Conclusions The anemia and iron deficiency are still to a certain degree in rural areas in Hefei, and the younger children have the highter incidence.It is needed to further strengthen nutritional knowledge education, add supplementary food timely, and guide parents to form a scientific and reasonable knowledge and behavior of feeding.

Analysis on extrauterine growth restriction and related factors in 167 cases of premature infants.

LIAO Wen-jun.

2014, 22(8):  847-849.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-20

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Objective To analyze the related factors of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in premature infants dis-charged from hospital, and provide clinical basis for preventing occurrence of EUGR. Methods The premature infants born from February 2012 to February 2013 in NICU were selected.Growth restriction was defined asmeasured growth values≤10^th percentile of the values of growth expectation based on estimated postmenstrual age. Results The incidence of EUGR in weight less than equal to 1 500 g group was 66.2%, the incidence of EUGR in weight greater than 1 500 g group was 37.8%, the difference was significant (P<0.05).The incidence of EUGR in less than 34 weeks gestational age group was 71.3%, the incidence of EUGR in the greater than or equal to 34 weeks gestational age group was 44.8%, the difference was significant (P<0.01).It was showed that risk factor related to EUGR were intrauterine growth retardation ( IUGR )and infection, the lasting time of weight decrease after birth. Conclusions EUGR is closely related to gestational age and birth weight.The cause of EUGR are multi-facorial, so complications should be prevented and treated actively.Early attention to nutrition, shorten the lasting time of weight decrease after birth, is the key to avoiding EUGR.

Investigation of animal-related injuries among rural school-age children in Zunyi city.

CAO Bo-ling, QI Yong-hong, SHI Dan, YAN Cheng, LIU Dan, SHI Xiu-quan.

2014, 22(8):  850-852.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-21

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Objective To explore the epidemic situation and related risk factors of animal-related injury among the school-age children in rural Zunyi. Method A total of 2 854 students were recruited from 52 classes, 7 schools of 3 counties using a 3-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Results A total of 477 rural children were injured, in which 98 children (20.55%) were the animal-related injuries; and among them boys was more than girls, the gender ratio was 1.39∶1; the injured part of the feet & legs was 51.02%, followed by the hands & arms (37.76%); only 43.88% of them went to the emergency room/clinic after the injury. Conclusions Children are vulnerable to animal-related injuries.More animal-related injury prevention and treatment activities should be conducted in schools and community to prevent and reduce the animal-related injuries, moreover, the relevant departments should give more supervision on animals and put animal-related injuries education into the school safety course.

Analysis of causes and follow up study for the infants with premature thelarche.

WEI Hai-yan, FU Dong-xia, FANG Li-hui.

2014, 22(8):  853-855.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-22

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Obiective To explore the causes of infants with premature thelarche(PT). Methods A total of 351 infants (3 months~3 years old) with PT, an average age of 1.4 years old, from the endorctinology department of Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, were included into the oberserved groups.130 cases, an average age of 1.3 years old (3 months to 3 years old), from the in-patient department of Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, were included into the control groups.All cases were accepted the questionnaire survey and sex hormones test.Cases of the oberserved groups were followed up more than 2 years. Results 1)Breast development regressed in 296 cases of the oberserved groups within 1 year.The rate of regression was 96.7%.2)The level of estradiol in the oberserved groups was higher than the control groups, especially in the groups of 6 months ~1 year old and 1~3 years old(P<0.05).3)There were no significant differences between oberserved groups and control groups in birth weight, taking progesterone and pesticides exposure during mother pregnancy.While there were significant differences between oberserved groups and control groups in artificial feeding, using whitening skin care products of guardians and living at suburban district of Zhengzhou (P<0.05). Conclusions Maybe the major cause of infants with PT is highly sensitive of exogenous estrogen hormones or environmental pollutants base on the genetic susceptibility.A few infants with breast development have organic diseases should be follow-up for a long terms.

Analysis of 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in children aged 0 to 14 years old in Guangzhou city.

ZHANG Ping-ping, LI Ya-ting, LI Xiao-feng, LI Zhi-biao, CHEN Zhuang-gui.

2014, 22(8):  856-858.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-23

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Objective To investigate the nutritional status of vitamin D in children of 0~14 years old for providing reasonable scientific basis of vitamin D supplement for children in Guangzhou. Method ELISA was used to detect serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25-(OH)D] in 1 000 children who received physical examination in child health care department of the hospital. Results A total of 634 children were found with deficiency and insufficiency of 25-(OH)D (63.4%), and 366 children were sufficiency of 25-(OH)D (36.6%).The 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in aged 0~1 and 1~2 groups were much higher than that in the other groups, and the serum 25-(OH)D level decreased with age in children over 2-years old.Serum 25-(OH)D level had statistically significant difference between boys and girls aged 7~14, but no significant difference in aged 0~7.According to seasons, the order of the serum 25-(OH)D level was summer＞autumn＞spring＞winter.97 Children were deficiency or insufficiency of 25-(OH)D in winter (70.29%), which was much higher than that in other seasons(P＜0.05). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency of children is common in Guangzhou, especially in winter and older children.

Relation of preschool children's body mass index and deciduous teeth caries.

LV Guang-xia, ZHANG Shi-yu, ZHANG Cheng-zhong, WU Su-yu, LIANG Meng.

2014, 22(8):  859-861.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-24

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Objective To investigate the correlation research of the level of children's physical growth and deciduous teeth caries and provide the basis for making precautionary measures. Method From April to June in 2013, 1 157 children of Weibin district Xinxiang city who born in 2007 were selected, measured height and weight and calculate body mass index (BMI), evaluation BMI by five hierarchy method in deviation method, meanwhile, making oral examination for all of the children was analyzed the correlation of BMI and deciduous teeth caries. Results The dental caries rate had a trend of gradual decrease with increase of BMI, the differences between dental caries rate of each groups was statistically significant (P=0.004).The average BMI of dental caries group was below than healthy mouth group in boys and girls (P=0.001, P=0.017). Conclusion Nutriture and caries influence each other, and comprehensive measures for preventing should be adopted.

Longitudinal growth velocity monitoring of breast feeding infants in Chengdu city.

RAN Yu-chen, WANG Hong, ZHANG Ya-guo, CAO Li, SHANG Jia, HUANG Yan.

2014, 22(8):  862-864.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-25

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Objective To acknowledge the natural physical growth pattern of exclusively breastfeeding infants in Chengdu city and to provide the reference for growth monitoring and nutritional evaluation. Methods According to the WHO 2006 growth monitoring project, 260 exclusively breastfeeding infants were recruited in Chengdu city.The longitudinal weight, length and head circumference were measured from the birth to 12 months old.The monitoring frequency was 16 times in total. Results The increasing velocities of weight, length and head circumference were the fastest within three months after birth.The velocities of weight, length and head circumference were consistent with the study of breast feeding infants in six capital cities of China in 2007 and standard of WHO in the most of months.But, the velocities of length in Chengdu were lower than the study of breast feeding infants in six capital cities of China in 2007 from 5 to 7 months, at same time, the velocity of boys' length and girls' weight in Chengdu were lower than standard of WHO from 9 to 12 months. Conclusion The growth tendeny is consistent with standard of WHO, and the growth potentia should be improved.

Clinical investigation and analysis of children's unintentional injury in part of Shanghai.

WANG Wen-chao, ZHANG Yu-xia.

2014, 22(8):  865-868.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-26

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Objective To explore epidemiologic features and the related factors among children in part of Shanghai. Method A total of 1 189 children aged from 0～18 years old were investigated with self-made measurement. Results Among 1 189 cases of children's unintentional injury, the incidence rate of boy was 65.3% and girl was 34.7%.Fall took the leading type of incidence, account for 51.98%;the second type was collision injury (14.97%) and the third was transport-related injury (11.27%).Most of unintentional injury were occurred in home.Difference in gender, age, time, caregivers, environment and activities were significant statistically (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence rate of children's unintentional injury are associated with children's age, gender, time, caregivers, environment and activities.Children's safety education and environment should be strengthened to reduce the incidence rate of children's unintentional injury.

Study on chronic inflammatory factor levels of macrosomia.

SHANG Jin, XIAO Yan-feng.

2014, 22(8):  869-870.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-27

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Objective To investigate macrosomia inflammatory indexes in vivo tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level and the correlation. Methods As from January to December 2012, 30 cases of normal weight newborn babies and 60 cases of macrosomiain were Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shaanxi investigated.According to the pregnant mother BMI, macrosomia were further divided into cases of mother obesity and cases of mother normal weight.3 mL neonatal umbilical cord blood was taken from baby.After the centrifugal, serum was taken out and hs-CRP and TNF-α were tested with enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results Levels of hs-CRP in every two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05), and gradually increased in normal newborns, huge children of normal weight mothers, huge child of obesity mothers three groups difference.TNF-α in the three groups showed no significant difference between the newborn (P>0.05).Birth weight and hs-CRP was positively correlated (r=0.417, P＜0.05).Birth weight and TNF-α was no significant correlation (P>0.05). Conclusion Macrosomia has low-grade inflammation, hs-CRP and birth weight has positively correlation.

Breast feeding studies on Hui nationality infants in Xining and Xi'an areas.

MA Yi-qian, XU Dong, WANG Lei, WANG Ya-ping.

2014, 22(8):  871-873.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-28

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Objective To understand the breast feeding situation of Hui nationality infants in Xining and Xi'an. Methods There were 287 infants (Hui 168 and Han 119, aged 6~24 months) from Xining, 215 infants (Hui 114 and Han 101, aged 6~24 months) from Xi'an in this study, and people who feed the babies at the breast were included for analysis as well. Results 1)The rate of pure breast feeding in 4 months (58.54%) in Xining was higher than that (43.72%) in Xi'an (P<0.05), however, the rate of pure breast feeding in 6 months (19.51%) in Xining was lower than that (32.09%) in Xi'an (P<0.05);2)The rate of pure breast feeding of Hui nationality infants in 4 months (58.33%) in Xining was higher than that (39.47%) in Xi'an (P<0.05);3)The main reason for no pure breast feeding was milk secretion insufficiency (76.25%);4)The time of adding food supplement in Xining was (4.48±1.60) months, which was earlier than (5.67±1.59) months in Xi'an (P<0.05);5)A positive correlation was revealed between the rate of pure breast feeding and the culture level of people who feed the infants (P<0.05). Conclusions Strengthening the propaganda in the scientific feeding knowledge for people who feed the infants, is the key to improve the rate of breast feeding in western area.

Transformation regarding the health equity in infant mortality in China from 1981 to 2010.

HAN Di, XU Yong.

2014, 22(8):  874-877.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-29

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Objective To research the health equity of infant death in China from 1981 to 2010. Methods Using data from 《China Health Statistics Year book》 about infant death situation and range method, the population attributable risk percentage, concentration index, concentration curve, analysis the correlation between the infant mortality rate and the each province per capita GDP, quantitative analysis of infant death health equity were analyzed between the provinces in our country. Results The correlation coefficient between province's per capita GDP and infant mortality were relevance had increased.All concentration indexes were negative and concentration curve were above standard, which indicated infant mortality in poor provinces was negative from 1981 to 2010, and higher than in rich provinces. Conclusions The relationship between infant mortality and social economic level take on significant negative correlation and the correlation show a trend of increase.Although the health inequity in infant mortality has been improved, but not obvious.

Epidemiological investigation of deciduous dental caries among 3 868 children aged 3 to 6 years old in Shenyang.

SONG Ye.

2014, 22(8):  878-879.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-30

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Objective To investigate the status of dental caries of deciduous teeth among children in Shenyang city. Methods According to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization and The Third National Oral Health Investigation, the deciduous caries of 3 868 children aged from 3 to 6 years old were clinically examined.The results were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software. Results The prevalence of dental caries was 65.98%.The mean DMFT score was 3.49.The prevalence of dental caries and mean DMFT increased gradually as the children were growing up (P<0.01).Dental caries of the upper teeth was significantly more common than that of the lower teeth (P<0.01).There were statistically significant difference between the kindergartens.Related factors analysis needed further research.The prevalence of dental caries of female was more than male.But there was no statistical significance between male and female. Conclusions Deciduous dental caries of preschool children is an important problem in Shenyang city.Necessary Methods for early prevention of dental caries must be taken into consideration.

Gestational age-specific distribution of birth weight in Huangpu district of Shanghai in 2004-2010.

WANG Yi, PAN Ming-di, JIANG Li-li, WU Jian-hua, YUAN Jia-lin, GAO Shu-na.

2014, 22(8):  880-882.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-31

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Objective To understand the present birth weight distribution of newborns' gestational age-specific in Luwan district of Shanghai. Method A describing analysis was done using the data from the birth monitoring system(the following data for all the raw data of Luwan district). Results Live birth weight rose with greater gestational age until 41 weeks, with a fast increasing time from 33 to 39 weeks.After 35 weeks, boys had higher birth weight than girls.And later born children had higher weights than first born.Compared to the Shanghai area, the birth weight closed at the same period. Conclusion The birth weight in Luwan district is closer to the level of the Shanghai aera.The relevant departments should further explore and develop a new birth weight standards.

Two-week prevalence and influence factors of diarrhea among children and infants in Jianshi county.

YANG Guo-wei, WU Ling, JIN Li, DING Ju-qing, PANG Qing-wei, PENG Min-jin, GAO Meng-ting, ZUO Dan.

2014, 22(8):  883-884.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-32

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Objective To survey the two-week prevalence and influence factors of diarrhea among children and infants between 6~24 months in Jianshi county, so as to provide the evidence for prevention of diarrhea in this area. Methods 5 towns in Jianshi county were selected by stratified sampling, 913 children and infants between 6~24 months were surveyed with a diarrhea questionnaire. Results The two-week prevalence of diarrhea among children and infants between 6~24 months was 8.4%.With the unconditioned logistic regression, low family income, irregular eating habits and child maltreatment were risk factors for the two-week prevalence of diarrhea. Conclusion The two-week prevalence rate of diarrhe is high among children and infants between 6~24 months in Jianshi county, to strengthen education for children and infants' caregivers on nursing practices is an important aspect in children and infants' health education.

Effect evaluation on the health education path of infant feeding in poor areas

ZHANG Ling, LIU Yue-fen, HUANG Lei, LI Jia-yue, MAO Hong-yan, YANG Hong-ping

2014, 22(8):  888-891.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-34

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Objective To effectively promote the concept and method of feeding infants scientifically in poor areas, improving the feeding skills and raise the health level of infants. Methods Based on completing the national health education task themed as "the activity of eliminating the infant anemia", the clinical pathway and adult training Methods were used to conduct the multiple trainings on the grass-roots service personnel and the infants' parents;the two indexes, including the feeding index and feeding difficulty of the infants, were used to evaluate the training effect. Results 1) Before and after the training, the feeding indexes of the infants in all age groups were significantly improved.Before training, the feeding indexes of all age groups were lower than those of the urban sample;the indexes of aged 6 to 8 months were lower than those of the rural sample;the indexes of aged 9 to 11 months were similar to those of the rural sample;and the indexes of aged 12 to 24 months were higher than those of the rural sample.After training, the indexes of each age group were higher than those before training.2) Before and after the training, the feeding difficulty in the group aged 9 to 11 months was not significantly improved;and the feeding difficulties of other groups in different ages were improved significantly.The feeding difficulty of aged 9 to 11 months was characterized by the broad coverage and low warning degree;which is based on:there were 14 projects in the questionnaire;and 8 projects in this group had no significant difference; the top score of each item was 7, the scores of this group before and after intervention were 2.61±1.154 and 2.51±1.115 respectively. Conclusions Based on the health education method of the clinical pathway, the feeding situation of the infants can be improved effectively and comprehensively.For the feeing difficulty, it is needed to be more systematic and targeted measures.

Effect evaluation of "nutrition classroom" for children in poor area.

LI Xiang-yu, SHEN Xiang-dan, ZHANG Kai, LU Ping, CHEN Hong-ji, LI Chun-yu.

2014, 22(8):  892-894.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2014-22-08-35

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Objective To understand the current situation of nutritional knowledge, attitude and behavior of children in Yanbian poor area, and to evaluate the effects of nutrition classroom for children's nutritional knowledge, attitude and behavior. Methods The study used the method combined random sampling with cluster sampling to take sample, two schools in Yanbian area as the research object were collected, to carried out the nutrition class and compared before and after the intervention to evaluate its effect. Results After intervention, the changes of nutritional knowledge and behavior from two group were significantly different (P＜0.05);the scores of nutritional attitude were significant difference between pre-and post-interventions(P＜0.00) in the intervention group. Conclusion The intervention of nutrition classroom can significantly improve children's nutritional knowledge, attitude and behavior.