Objective To understand the physical fitness status and the differences between urban and rural of Uygur children and adolescents at 7～18 years old, and to develop scientific Methods of teaching and provide a scientific basis for training programs. Method Stratified random cluster sample survey method, was used to carry out the statistical analysis and comparison testing physical fitness indicators of the Xinjiang 7～18 years old 4 959 Uygur children and adolescents in 2012. Results The overall physical fitness of Xinjiang Uygur children and adolescents aged 7～18 had growth trend with increasing age in 2012, but unbalanced urban and rural development.Speed quality of urban boys was better than rural boys, the average difference was 0.01 s, rural girls were better than urban girls, the average difference was 0.33 s.Endurance of urban boys and girls were poor than rural boys and girls, the average difference were 2.15 s and 6.08 s.Explosive qualities of urban boys were poor than rural boys, the average difference was 0.26 cm, urban girls were better than rural girls, the average difference was 0.19 cm.Flexibility quality of urban boys and girls were poor than rural boys and girls, the average difference were 0.51 cm and 1.01 cm.Power quality of urban boys were poor than rural boys, the average difference was 0.49 times, urban girls were better than rural girls, the average difference was 0.54 times;Some differences between urban and rural area were existed, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusion Exercises to strengthen the students' conscious awareness training, comprehensively improving the physical fitness of students, is the primary problem needed to solve for a modern school physical education.