Physical activity in preschool period is closely related with the development of bone,cardiopulmonary health,motor,cognition and mental health. Moreover,it will continue to influence their health throughout the course of life. Over the past few years,some developed countries,like Canada and Australia,and World Health Organization have published their physical activity guidelines for children in early childhood. However,there are not yet physical activity guidelines for Chinese preschoolers aged 3-6 years. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Chinese Preschoolers (3-6 years old),hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines",was jointly developed by Capital Institute of Pediatrics,Beijing Sport University,and China Institute of Sports Science from General Administration of Sport of China under an expert team from sports science,pediatrics and public health. The process of developing the Guidelines follows strict and transparent principle,drawing on the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Ⅱ instrument,adopting the method of literature materials,and sorting out the relevant guidelines and research evidence of foreign preschool children on the basis of systematically searching,forming the core issues and the draft of the recommendations of the guidelines. After repeated discussions and revisions through five rounds of expert consensus meetings,the Guidelines was finally completed. As the first physical activity guideline for preschoolers in China,the Guidelines comprehensively considers movement behaviors of preschoolers in 24 hours of daily life,including physical activity,sedentary behavior and sleep. On this basis,it raises ten key recommendations in four aspects including the principles of preschool children′s physical activity,physical activity time,types of physical activity,and physical activity monitoring and evaluation. The Guidelines provides recommendations for parents,health care professionals,kindergarten teachers and parents,so as to give professional guidance on scientific and safe physical activities for Chinese preschoolers and meet their developmental needs.

通过分析国内常用的家庭功能评估量表FAD、APGAR、FACESⅡ、FES和FFFS的应用现状,重点从编制与修订年份、条目与分量表数量、适用年龄、信效度及其在我国的适用性和局限性等方面进行讨论,为家庭功能评估量表的选择、使用、修订和编制提供一定的参考。

The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents has been rising over the past years, varying by age, geographical location and rural/urban areas. Primary school students have the highest prevalence of obesity, who need sufficient guidance of healthy living. The northern regions maintain the highest level of childhood obesity, but have shown a stable trend in recent years. Meanwhile, the prevalence of childhood obesity in eastern regions has risen dramatically. In both urban and rural areas, the prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing, and the growth rate in rural areas is greater, possibly leading to a reversal between urban and rural areas in the future. The interaction of national and social environments, school and family factors, individual elements have promoted overweight and obesity in Chinese youth. The impacts of migration on regional obesity increase cannot be ignored. Lockdown and staying at home due to COVID-19 have triggered long-term influence on children′s health. The prevention and control of obesity among Chinese children and adolescents is challenging. National policies and academic regulations have been issued by government and organizations. Schools, families, communities and individuals should communicate and cooperate with each other to execute comprehensive prevention and control of obesity among children and adolescents in a systematic perspective.

童年早期的心理创伤对儿童社会心理发展的不良影响深远。本文论述早期心理创伤对儿童脑发育、认知发展,以及对情绪和社会性发展的损害。心理创伤可直接导致创伤后应激障碍、反应性依恋障碍等精神障碍,并与注意缺陷多动障碍有关。在儿童心理创伤的干预和治疗中,基层的保健医生、儿保医生起关键性作用,建立儿童心理创伤的三级干预体系必要且可行。

Objective To evaluate the mental health status of students aged 8 to 18 during the period of home isolation in the prevalence of coronavirusdisease 2019(COVID-19), so as to provide a basis for psychological counseling for students in special periods. Methods A total of 396 students aged from 8 to 18 were assessed for anxiety/depression by Questionnaire Star survey on February 6th to 8th, 2020.All subjects filled out general information and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders(SCARED) were analyzed for the impact of COVID-19 on children′ and adolescents′ mood and anxiety during home isolation. Results 1) The total score of SCARED in 396 students was 16.44±12.30, 87 (22.0%) with scores≥25 and 309 (78.0%) with scores＜25.The mean scores of 5 factors(somatization/panic, generalized anxiety, dissociative anxiety, social phobia and school phobia) and the total scores were compared between the two groups, and the differences were statistically significant (t=13.156, 19.524, 10.381, 13.964, 7.325, 23.371, P＜0.001).2) Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that female students (OR=2.258, 95%CI:1.370—3.721, P＜0.001) and considering themselves in danger (OR=1.978, 95%CI :1.185—3.301, P=0.009) were risk factors for anxiety among students isolated at home during the epidemic. Conclusionss The prevalence of COVID-19 has some influence on students′ mood, especially for girls.Parents, schools and society should take timely measures to guide students to avoid anxiety in special times.

Except for the amount and type of food,researchers are increasingly aware of this,unresponsive feeding is a major barrier to health and nutrition.For this,responsive feeding is promoted in the feeding guidelines of WHO and UNICEF.This paper focuses on the scope,challenges,implementation plan,promotion strategy and effect monitoring of responsive feeding to promote the development of responsive feeding in infant care.

Objective To analyse the present situation and the influencing factors that affect it of the children's self-care ability. Method Self-compiled questionnaire (Children's Living Self-Care Ability Questionnaire-Parent Version) and 《Parenting Style Questionnaire》 were administered on 400 parents of young children. Results 3~6 years old children's self-care ability was in the medium level overall,there was uneven development in infants' self-care ability in various dimensions.Out of these dimensions,the children had good control of dressing up,other dimensions showed poor performances.There were significant differences in the children's demographic variables like sex,only child factor,place of birth and so on.Factors of grades,school type,parents and parenting styles also influenced children's self-care ability significantly. Conclusion Self-care ability should be gradual according to children's age and development characteristics,children should be allowed to experience operational processes,have fun using their hands; at the same time,increase the time spent by parents to accompany the children and coupled with cooperation with school to promote the development of children's self-care ability.

Early childhood development has a long-term influence on an individual′s physical development,brain development,mental health,and even has an impact on the health and wellbeing whose benefits last a lifetime and carry into the next generation.But a significant number of children are still at risk of stunting,whose development is the key to the well being of all mankind.The implementation of nurturing care can effectively improve the early development potential of babies,ensure children′s good health and nutrition,and protect them from threats.Nurturing care also means giving young children opportunities for early learning,through interactions that are responsive and emotionally supportive.This review systematically introduces the nurturing care framework and strategy,thereby providing a basis for further clinical and scientific research.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of night sleep time and its relationship with overweight and obesity in children, so as to provide scientific reference for taking interventions of overweight and obesity. Methods A total of 1 175 students from 8 schools(4 primary schools in urban and rural areas, respectively) in Fangshan District, Beijing, were recruited by a stratified cluster random sampling method in October 2012. The distribution characteristics of sleep time and its relationship with overweight and obesity were analyzed by using multivariate binary Logistic regression model. Results The sleep insufficiency rate of school-age children(<10 h/d) reached 68.5%. Demographic characteristics affected the sleep time of children, and urban students and boys had less sleep time (P<0.001).Body mass index(BMI) and the rates of obesity and overweight increased with the decreasing of sleep duration (P<0.01).The average daily sleep duration <9 h/d was a risk factor for overweight and obesity of school-age children. After the adjustment of gender, residence, family income, parents′ educational level, physical activity and sedentary behavior time, only the average daily sleep duration <9 h/d on weekends was associated with overweight and obesity of school-age children[OR=1.570 (1.074-2.295),P=0.02]. Conclusions Sleep insufficiency may be a risk factor for overweight and obesity in children, especially the average daily sleep duration of weekends. The prevalence of overweight and obesity should be prevented and controlled through targeted improvement of children′s sleep duration and lifestyle.

Infants go through a transition period before fully adapting to a diversified balanced diet after being breastfed, during which foods introduced other than milk, aimed at supplementing energy and nutrients, are referred to as complementary foods. The process of introducing complementary foods is called complementary feeding (CF). The purpose and significance of adding complementary foods include not only supplementing energy and nutrients, but also promoting the development of eating skills and fine motor functions, establishing healthy eating and food-related psychological behaviors, preventing food allergies and other allergic diseases, and materializing diversity of children's gut flora. The feeding suggestions of introducing red meat paste first other than iron-fortified baby rice flour at the age of 6 months, and rapidly achieving diversified food exposure, is comply with the above principles. This article analyzes the purpose of infant CF, reviews the historical development of CF, and interprets relevant feeding recommendations based on new concepts of CF.

Language delays and language disorders are the most common type of childhood developmental disorders. The exploratory design and initial attempts to implement a Chinese model of an evidence-based clinical intervention pathway for language delays and language disorders were guided by the Clinical Framework of children's language development and the concept of response to intervention (RTI).The early exploratory design also incorporated China's well developed nationwide maternal and children's health care system into the internationally recognized evidence-based tertiary clinical intervention pathway to achieve some initial Results in China.

沙盘游戏疗法是一种心理治疗方法。由于其特殊的表现和体验过程,在应用于儿童行为问题方面有其独特的优势,近年来在儿童行为问题的评估及治疗中沙盘游戏都展现出其他治疗方式无法替代的效果。本文在回顾沙盘游戏应用于儿童行为问题治疗和评估中取得的成果的基础上,对其未来发展进行展望。

ObjectTo explore the application of Gesell developmental scale-language part in language development evaluation by the comparison with S-S method. Method sA total of 130 children aged from 1.5 to 5 years were selected in psychological clinics of Child Care Center in the Xi 'an Fourth Hospital from June 2015 to May 2016.There were 93(71.54%) boys and 37(28.26%) girls.Gesell developmental scale and S-S method were both used to evaluate language retardation degree. Results 1)Overall consistency check of Gesell developmental scale and S-S method in language retardation showed:the Kappa score was 0.639(P<0.05),sensitivity was 77.2%,specificity was 86.3%.2)Overall consistency check of Gesell developmental scale and S-S method in mild language retardation showed that the Kappa score was 0.481(P<0.05).3)S-S method in mild language retardation for two age groups showed that the constituent ratio of language characteristics had statistical differences (P<0.05).Children under 2 years old mainly had problem in language expression,while children above 2 years old mainly had problem in language comprehension. Conclusions 1)Gesell developmental scale can be used as a language development screening tool.2)Gesell developmental scale and S-S method can be used in combination,S-S method can be used for qualitative,Gesell developmental scale can be used for severity classification.3)S-S method should be used to ascertain diagnosis for the children under 2 years old whose language scores of Gesell developmental scale show margin state.

Objective To systematically review the findings of Chinese epidemiological studies in the past 16 years by a meta-analysis,to estimate the prevalence for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Chinese,and to extract its epidemiological characteristics as well as to further explore the differences of the prevalence of ASD between China and foreign countries. Method Databases such as Chinese Web of Knowledge,WeiPu,WanFang were searched for literatures published from January,2000 to December,2016 about the prevalence of ASD/autism in China. Results Totally thirty studies were included in meta-analysis.The prevalence of ASD was 26.50/10 000,and prevalence of autism was 14.00/10 000.There was a significant difference on the ASD prevalence among the following sub-factors including gender,age,screening criteria and so on except northern and southern China. Conclusions Although prevalence of ASD in Chinese children showed an increasing trend,it is still lower than that in foreign countries.The prevalence of ASD in China is clearly underestimated due to the limitation of the following influential factors,such as investigation population,monitoring methods,screening and diagnostic tools.

动作发展是学龄前儿童发展的重要方面, 与个体健康、认知、情绪、社会性发展都存在着重要联系。学龄前期是动作发展的敏感期, 因此如何科学地评价学龄前期儿童的动作发展情况变得十分关键。本文分析比较国内外常用相关测量工具, 总结了学龄前儿童动作测量工具的主要特征, 总结了当今学龄前儿童动作发展测量的发展趋势。

As an important indicator and influencing factor of children's physical and mental state, sleep plays a crucial role in children's healthy development.With electronic screen becoming one of the main sources of information spread in daily life, there are constant reports of possible effects of excessive screen exposure on sleep during childhood.This study reviewed the specific effects and mechanisms of electronic screen exposure on sleep in children, summarized relevant principles and intervention methods, thereby identifying and intervening the sleep problems related to electronic screen exposure earlier, and providing clues for further clinical and basic researches on the effects of electronic screen on sleep in Chinese children.

Parent-child attachment serves as the cornerstone of children′s emotional development.Parent-child attachment encompasses secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized types.Both attachment styles and age exert influences on children′s emotional growth, affective understanding, and regulation.In the digital era, phenomena such as "technoference", "excessive screen exposure" , and "behavioral modeling-enhanced control" pose significant threats to the formation of secure parent-child attachment, thereby impacting children′s emotional development.This paper proposes the STEP strategy, which includes Selecting appropriate digital content, engaging Together in digital product usage, Engineering well-designed timing and contexts for digital use, and Promoting parents′ interactive competencies scientifically.This framework aims to facilitate the scientific transition of parent-child attachment into the digital age and foster healthy emotional development in children.

维生素D缺乏及维生素D缺乏性佝偻病是我国儿童的常见病。近年来,国内外对维生素D缺乏及维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的诊断及防治方法 有不同见解。鉴于此,全国佝偻病防治科研协作组和中国优生科学协会小儿营养专业委员会于2014年拟定了《维生素D缺乏及维生素D缺乏性佝偻病防治建议》。该《建议》主要依据1986年我国佝偻病诊断标准及2007年佝偻病防治建议为基础,参考2011年美国医师协会(IOM)和美国内分泌协会推荐指南、中国营养学会编著中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)以及国内文献作为《建议》的主要依据。该《建议》对维生素D缺乏及维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的病因、预防、诊断、治疗及家庭指导等方面进行了系统的阐述,较之前版本,在佝偻病的防治年龄及剂量进行了更新,并且更着重于维生素D缺乏的预防,以期从根源上杜绝维生素D缺乏性佝偻病及促进儿童健康。本文将对更新部分进行解读,以便读者深入理解,有益于对维生素D缺乏及维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的防治工作起到规范化作用。

In recent years, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been increasing annually and has become a globally recognized public health issue. Currently, rehabilitation treatment primarily focuses on educational interventions and behavioral modifications, emphasizing core symptom training, while there is insufficient management regarding children's health status. However, the health condition of children with ASD significantly impacts their prognosis. Based on this, Specialized Committee on Prevention and Treatment of Autism of China Maternal and Child Health Research Association has led the establishment of an expert panel to develop this consensus. This consensus aims to provide guidance for medical institutions at all levels, as well as for doctors, rehabilitation therapists, teachers, and parents. It advocates for the adoption of targeted, personalized, and developmentally appropriate health management strategies and family support plans based on the foundation of rehabilitation education and training,so as to support the children with ASD to reach their maximum potential.

Objective To understand and explore the depression status and its influencing factors among children and adolescent students during the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),in order to provide reference for the psychological intervention for students in this area. Methods A self-designed general data questionnaire,Depression Self-rating Scale for Children (DSRS)and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) were typed in www.wjx.cn.And the questionnaire was sent out to children and adolescent aged 8 to 18 years by Wechat APP from February 6th to 8th,2020.Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors associated with NCP by SPSS 22.0 software. Results Totally 396 valid questionnaire were returned.The average score of DSRS score was 7.35±5.10.Using 15 as the cut point of having depression symptoms,it was found that 41 students (10.4%) had depression symptoms obviously.Multivariate analysis showed that anxiety score,dwelling area,fear of the COVID-19 prevalence and age were influencing factors of DSRS score (P＜0.05).Logistic analysis indicated that anxiety (OR=4.284,95%CI:2.163~8.486,P＜0.001),dwelling in suburban and rural areas (OR=2.382,95%CI:1.120~5.069,P=0.024),and fear of COVID-19 related events (OR=3.312,95%CI:1.210~9.064,P=0.020) were risk factors for depression of children and adolescent with home quarantine. Conclusions Psychological intervention should be strengthen in children and adolescents by family,school and the society,so as to reduce the panic and anxiety in children.Moreover,it is suggested to give more concern to older children in high grade as well as child and adolescent dwelling in suburban and rural areas,thereby reducing the depression of them during the COVID-19 prevalence.

Early childhood is a process of rapid changes in sleep/wake patterns development.Inappropriate sleep nurturing care will lead to a high incidence of sleep problems in infants and young children.And sleep problems will have adverse effects on children's physical growth, cognitive development, emotional behavior and others.In order to improve the sleep quality and prevent sleep problems of infants and young children, it is suggested that health care workers should provide sleep health knowledge and predictive guidance for parents, guide the caregivers to adopt appropriate sleep nurturing care behaviors, and promote early childhood development.

Learning disabilities are neurodevelopmental disorders, which are classified as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia according to the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Learning disabilities have a significant impact on children's schooling, but they will not be identified until children show poor academic performance at school. Therefore, screening for learning disabilities at preschool age and early intervention is essential. This article focuses on early screening, diagnosis and comorbidity of children with learning disabilities, and summarizes the treatment of learning disabilities in children from three aspects: education, cognitive behavior and medical interventions.

我国预防出生缺陷和遗传代谢性疾病的重点是推广三级预防措施,通过三个不同阶段的预防措施可以避免大多数缺陷儿的出生,并使遗传代谢性疾病患儿在临床症状出现之前得到及时治疗,从而预防智能低下及其他严重后果发生。目前我国重点监测的出生缺陷病种为23种常见的结构畸形,染色体异常及少部分遗传代谢性疾病。近年来随着串联质谱分析技术(MS-MS)的发展,可协助诊断包括PKU在内的30余种遗传代谢性疾病,这将使三级预防的新生儿筛查工作的内容和质量上升到一个新的水平。同时也要注意在三级预防中存在的问题,尤其是要加大二级预防的覆盖面,加强对产前筛查和产前诊断及其意义的宣教工作。筛查的结果仅仅是提供发病的可能性,不能说明胎儿一定患此病,而产前诊断是将这种可能性确诊为是发病还是正常。

【Objective】 To explore the intelligence structure characteristic of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children in WISC-IV. 【Method】 55 children who were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,Vision IV were selected,and 55 normal children with gender matched were selected by systematic sampling method.WISC-IV were used to test and analyze the intelligence distribution and structure of these children. 【Results】 The FSIQ and other 4 index scores of ADHD children were lower than that of normal children with statistical difference(P<0.05).In the subtests,the BD,DS,PCn,LN,MR and SS scores of ADHD children were lower than those of normal children with statistical difference(P<0.05).And the factor IV-impulse-hyperactivity index of Conners Child Behavior Rating Scale was negatively correlated with the FSIQ,PRI and WMI scores(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 WISC-IV shows some advantage and feature in clinical diagnosis and treatment work of ADHD,and we can do some nichetargeting coach and training in clinical work and nursing care service.

Neuroscience, as a comprehensive discipline that studies the structure, function, and developmental patterns of the nervous system, provides a critical theoretical foundation for understanding human cognition, emotions, and behavior.The rapid advancements in neuroscience research have offered fresh perspectives on child health and development. This paper systematically explores the intrinsic connections between neuroscience and child health development, with a particular focus on the characteristics of brain development and its influencing factors during the critical period of 0 - 6 years.Research on children′s brain health development reveals the complexity of the interaction between neural development and environmental factors.Moving forward, it is essential to integrate multidisciplinary findings and develop neuroscience-based intervention strategies to create an optimal growth environment for children.

To develop a brief and effective tool for monitoring development of children aged 0~6 years in China,warning signs checklist (WSC) for screening psychological,behavioral and developmental problems of children was established by experts in 2011-2015.The process of establishing WSC included discussion on framework ,building indicators pool,selecting key indicators for each key age-point,indicators interpretation,accuracy and feasibility evaluation,and reliability and validity research.According to exciting developmental scales in China and expert's clinical?experience,WSC has 44 indicators disaggregated into 11 corresponding age points,which covered 4 domains including language,social-emotional,fine motor skill and gross motor skill.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown etiology, high heterogeneity and rapidly increasing prevalence. Early education and training is the main method of rehabilitation. The intervention for ASD in China is still developing. Various medical and rehabilitation education institutions have carried out a variety of interventions, hoping to improve the function of ASD and reduce the family and social burden caused by ASD. Based on this, this article analyzes and expounds the progress in evidence-based practice of ASD, the current situation of ASD intervention in China, the limitations and the future development direction.

儿童期是各种心理健康问题的多发阶段。儿童时期的心理健康问题将会给家庭和社会带来沉重的精神、心理和经济负担。本文将对儿童心理健康问题的定义、测量工具以及研究现状做一综述, 以期提示儿童心理健康问题的研究趋势。

意外伤害是指突然发生的各种实践或事故对人体所造成的损伤,它已成为世界范围内儿童的头号“杀手”,已成为包括我国在内的世界上大多数国家儿童致伤、致残、致死的最主要原因。本文从我国儿童意外伤害流行病学研究现状、干预现状进行了系统分析,提出了合理化建议,以便引起有关部门重视。