【Objective】 To find out the status of in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding in urban areas of China,and explore the influence factors to in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding. 【Methods】 1 288 data were collected in 32 maternity and children health care hospitals of provincial and municipal levels.The breastfeeding status within 24 hours were recalled.The associations between in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding with socio-demographic variables,pregnant and puerperal factors and hospital related factors were explored by Chi-square analyses and binary Logistic regression analyses. 【Results】 The rate of in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding was 46.6%.Logistic regression showed that high education level,high family income were negative effects to in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding;sucking breast within 30 minutes after-born,breastfeeding during the first day and without feeding sugar water were positive effects to in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding. 【Conclusion】 Actively carrying out baby-friendly hospital implementation,promoting breastfeeding of focus person,will promote breastfeeding success.

【Objective】 To study the epidemiologic prevalence status and influencing factors of overweight and obesity children and adolescents aged 7~18 years in Nanning, aimed at providing a scientific basis for further study of the pathogenesis of obesity and the development of effective control measures. 【Methods】 A stratified random sampling method was used for collecting 5 658 children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 in Nanning. The sample data of height and weight were measured and collected. The sample was screened based on the diagnostic criteria of "Body mass index reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents". The overweight and obesity children and adolescents were diagnosed and inspected the influencing factors using multiple stepwise regression analysis. 【Results】 The detection rate of overweight children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 was 10.12%. Obesity rate was 8.48% in Nanning . The overweight and obesity prevalence in boys was significantly higher than that in girls (P <0.01); the rates of each age group of overweight and obesity were significantly different (P <0.05). The data from the standard regression coefficient showed the most influential variable to the least influential variable on overweight and obesity: the history of obese parents, watching television (video games) time, outdoor exercise time, eating greasy food and sweets, speed of eating,birth weight, and infant 4 months feeding. 【Conclusion】 The incidence levels of overweight and obesity children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 in Nanning area are close to the national average. The major influencing factors on obesity children and adolescents include heredity, dietary custom and exercise.

缺铁性贫血是影响全世界尤其是发展中国家的重要健康问题,婴幼儿是缺铁性贫血的高危人群。缺铁会造成婴幼儿智力和认知的永久损害,使成年后的劳动生产力低下。本文综述了国内外预防婴幼儿铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血的研究进展,提出了婴儿出生前、出生时及生后铁缺乏及缺铁性贫血的预防策略。

随着新生儿救治技术的发展,极低体重儿和窒息儿等高危新生儿存活率大大提高。早在1990年世界儿童问题首脑会议提出,拯救生命的斗争应该和使生命有意义的努力同步进行,即生存和发展并重的新概念。作为儿科医务工作者的共同愿望,是使每一个救活的儿童成长为健康聪明可爱的儿童。通过近年来国内外有关儿科工作者对早期干预的研究和实践,取得不少成果,积累了较多行之有效的经验。

目的 观察在常规治疗的基础上加用布地奈德雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喉炎的疗效。方法 将近1年来82例小儿急性喉炎患儿随机分为两组,治疗组(布地奈德雾化吸入组)42例,对照组(地塞米松静滴组)40例,对照组常规治疗基础上加用地塞米松静滴,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用布地奈德雾化吸入,观察两组疗效。结果 治疗组患儿在犬吠样咳嗽、声音嘶哑、喉鸣音、呼吸困难等消失时间明显短于对照组;且两组疗效比较,有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 在常规治疗基础上加用布地奈德雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喉炎可明显促进症状缓解,缩短病程,疗效显著。

【目的】 分析脑瘫患儿的家庭康复训练的效果,为今后进一步开展家庭康复训练提供科学依据。 【方法】 针对本院2010年5月-2011年3月门诊就诊的45例脑瘫患儿,对其家属进行康复训练技巧指导,包括饮食指导、头部训练、四肢训练、抱姿训练、坐姿训练、进食训练、大小便训练和语言训练,制定完整的康复训练计划与目标,每一个月后进行复诊,经过4个月的训练后观察其疗效。运用粗大运动功能评定表(GMFM-88)对训练前和训练4个月后评估患儿的粗大运动功能。 【结果】 经过家庭康复训练与护理,45例患儿粗大运动功能得到了明显改善,总有效率达93.3%。 【结论】 针对性的家庭训练明显改善了脑瘫患儿的肢体运动功能,促进了脑瘫患儿的康复。

【Objective】 To study the situation of infant and young child feeding(IYCF) practice in research areas of China,to compare the IYCF indicators between research areas and other developing countries,so as to find out the existing problems in China. 【Methods】 A cross-sectional study with three-stage stratified random sampling method was conducted,and totally 3 708 caregivers of children under 2 years old from 40 counties in central and western China were selected to investigate their feeding practices with standard questionnaire designed by UNICEF.8 indicators listed in the WHO document "Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practice" were analyzed and compared with the data of other 46 developing countries published by WHO in 2010. 【Results】 The rates of early initiation of breastfeeding,exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months,continued breastfeeding at 1 year,and continued breastfeeding at 2 years in research areas of China,which were ranked 34,39,44 and 45 respectively in 47 countries,were lower than the average of other developing countries.The rate of introduction of solid,semi-solid or soft foods and minimum dietary diversity were ranked in top 20%,but the complementary feeding was generally too early. 【Conclusions】 Great efforts should be made to improve early initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding in these areas.Also measures should be taken to change the practice of breastfeeding with water and early complementary food intake.Providing the knowledge of IYCF and health education should play an important part in improving infant and young child feeding practice in China.

意外伤害是指突然发生的各种实践或事故对人体所造成的损伤,它已成为世界范围内儿童的头号“杀手”,已成为包括我国在内的世界上大多数国家儿童致伤、致残、致死的最主要原因。本文从我国儿童意外伤害流行病学研究现状、干预现状进行了系统分析,提出了合理化建议,以便引起有关部门重视。

【Objective】 The investigation was carried out to better understand the factors influencing the coverage of national immunization program (NIP) vaccines in migrant children in Wenzhou, and to improve the immunization coverage of these vaccines. 【Method】 Population characteristics of 1 198 migrant children and their guardians, immunization situation of NIP vaccines, knowledge of the guardians on and their attitude towards preventive immunization, effectiveness of preventive immunization, were investigated in 15 towns from 3 counties in Wenzhou by using randomized sampling method. 【Results】 In the migrant children over one year old, who stayed in Wenzhou equal or more than 3 months, the coverage rates of BCG, OPV, DTP, MV, and HepB, were 86.8%, 84.9%, 81.5%, 82.1%, and 80.35%, respectively. Notably, the coverage rate of these five vaccines was only 66.4%. Multi-factors analysis revealed that the low coverage rate of five vaccines was mainly influenced by the staying time and birth place of migrant children, their family economy, having immunization card, cost of preventive immunization, their guardians' attitude towards to preventive immunization. 【Conclusion】 Vaccination rate was low in migrant children, many factors were influence it, and it should be taken targeted intervention to imporve immune status.

Objective To know mumps epidemiological characteristics in Henan province from 2007 to 2011,and to provide basis on mumps control. Method Mumps epidemiology with descriptive epidemiology was analyzed. Results A total of 81 235 cases of mumps were reported accumulatively in Henan province during the five years with the annual average incidence of 17.26/10⁵.The male to female ratio of the cases was 1.93∶1.The incidence peaks were in winter and spring.Up to 93.58% of the cases occurred in children aged 2~15 years old and 57.27% of the cases were students. Conclusions The incidence of mumps is still high in Henan Province.It is necessary to improve the child immunization program and vaccination rates,mumps screening is still needed to be strengthen.

Objective To investigate the levels and deficience of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D]in children at 3～6 years old. Methods Two kindergarten which have more than 200 children in each district were chosen,in total of ten kindergarten.a survey about vitamin D was conducted,the parents informed choice on the basis of the investigation.All tests were done in April to June 2013. Results A total of 753 cases of 3 ~ 6 years old children in the detection of vitamin D,183 cases (24.3%) were relative sufficient,360 cases (47.8%) were relative deficient;207 cases (27.5%) were absolutely deficient.There were statistical differences between different age groups in the deficience of vitamin D(P＜0.05)There Was no statistical difference between different gender groups(P>0.05).In these children,only 11.6% of the children drank milk more than 500ml every day,75.8% of the children didn't take any calcium and cod liver oil for more than one month,33.5% of the children's activity time was up to 1 hour after school. Conclusion The deficiency rate of 25-(OH)D might be high in children of 3～6 years old in Chengdu,we need to do something to improve the level of vitamin D.

维生素A(vitamin A,VA)是人体必需微量营养素,与人体免疫调节密切相关。维生素A 缺乏(vitamin A deficiency,VAD)被世界卫生组织公认为世界四大营养素缺乏病之一,是发展中国家儿童严重感染和死亡发生的主要营养影响因素。目前我国儿童临床VA缺乏虽已少见,但亚临床VA缺乏(subclinical vitamin deficiency,SVAD)发生率仍较高,其与儿童感染性疾病发生的关系日趋受到重视。该文将对这部分研究进展内容作一简要综述。

【Objective】 To discuss the incidence of the different-month-old infants with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia (IDA)and its related factors,and to make more rational strategies of prevention and treatment against iron deficiency. 【Methods】 690 children whose ages were 13~24 months(group A,n=345),25~36 months(group B,n=345) were randomly selected as study subjects.Meanwhile,developing questionnaire surveyed among them. 【Results】 The prevalence rates of IDA were 7.0% in children aged 13~36 months in zhongshan city,The prevalence rates were higher in children aged 13~24 months(IDA 9.7%),than children aged 25~36 months (IDA4.3%).These data showed that there were statistically significant differences (P<0.01) in respectively aged children.The three factors included in feeding behavior were closely correlated to IDA. 【Conclusion】 Correcting the picky habit,and guiding the children's diets appropriately can improve anemia.

【Objective】 To explore influencing factors of overweight and obesity among childhood in Guangzhou urban district and to provide useful reference for prevention. 【Method】 Across-sectional survey was carried out among 1844 children and their parents by self-administered questionnaire during 2009. 【Results】 The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 11.12% and 7.21%. The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity of boys was higher than girls(χ²=9.849,P<0.05).The birth weights, father BMI and mother BMI of overweight and obesity children were higher than those of control group (t=3.746, 4.610, 4.237, all P<0.001). And the time of having a meal was shorter (t=5.519, P<0.001)than control group. Sex, obesity of parents, the time of having a meal, eating in half an hour before going to bed, whether agree with the opinions "Little physical activity causes obesity" and "Drinking milk everyday was a good habit" were influencing factors of overweight and obesity among children. 【Conclusions】 The results indicate that overweight and obesity among children are quiet common in our city. Overweight and obesity of children are caused by multiple factors, so comprehensive intervention measures should be carried out.

Objective To investigate Health-related Quality of Life(HRQOL) in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTI),and the impact of RRTI on their family,so as to provide scientific evidence for improving HRQOL of children with RRTI,and decreasing the impact of RRTI on their family. Methods Cross-sectional survey was carried out among 728 children aged 2 to 7.HRQOL was assessed by using the Chinese version of PedsQL^TM 4.0.The scores of HRQOL were compared between children with RRTI and healthy children,the consistency of scores for both caregivers proxy-report and children self-report was analyzed,and then the influencing factors on HRQOL of children with RRTI were explored. Results HRQOL scores of all the 4 dimensions and the total scale of PedsQL^TM 4.0 among RRTI children were significantly lower than those of healthy children (P<0.05).Family impact scores of all the dimensions and the total scale of family impact module among RRTI children were significantly lower than those of healthy children's family (P<0.05).Lower scores of family impact was significantly associated with lower PedsQL scores (P<0.05).The physical function,social function and total scores of children self-report were significantly higher than those of caregiver proxy-report (P<0.05).Multivariate analysis suggested that RRTI children's age,the relation between children and their parents,and the educational level of parents were primary influencing factors to children's HRQOL. Conclusions RRTI is harmful to RRTI children's HRQOL,and has negative impact on their family.Parents' sociological characteristics have a significant effect on HRQOL of children with RRTI.

儿童孤独症谱系障碍(autistic spectrum disorders,ASD)是一组神经发育障碍性疾病的总称,包括孤独症、阿斯伯格综合症、非特定的广泛性发育障碍(不典型孤独症)、Rett综合症和儿童退化性精神病。近年来在ASD的发病率、病因、诊断标准和治疗方面有了一些新的观点和研究动向,也出现了一些争议,有些争议还很尖锐,本文拟对这些研究动向和争议做一归纳和综述。

【Objective】 To investigate the related risk factors、clinical types distributions、the level of movement disorder and neuroimaging characters、the comorbiditie in preterm infants with cerebral palsy (CP). 【Methods】 A clinical study of cross section based on Qingdao special hospital. The preterm children with cerebral palsy hospitalized in rehabilitation center from January 2006 to June 2010 were studied. Perinatal data were collected by the researchers using the questionnaire and meeting with children's mother; Gross Motor Function Classification System(GMFCS) was adopted to evaluate the levels of movement disorder;every children accepted the intelligence test, eye examination and speech evaluation. And the children who were suspected with auditory disorders had brain stem auditory evoked potential examination. 【Results】 Among the 258 cases, 199 cases with spastic type CP.The levels of GMFCS of spastic diplegia and hemiplegia were better than the dyskinetic、spastic tetraplegia and the mixed type(F=4.362,P<0.01).The distributions of comorbidites were different between the different types of cerebral palsy and the levels of GMFCS.170 cases(65.89%) with cerebral palsy had periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) which could be seen in all types of CP but more frequently in the spastic diplegia and tetraplegia.These can benefit the early screening and early diagnose of CP of premature and also help the localization and qualitation of the comorbidities. 【Conclusions】 CP together with associated disorders become the focus of premature infants.It is important to recognize the clinical aspects, neuroimaging features and the comorbidities of them for etiological research and general rehabilitation administration.

【Objective】 To examine the status and the growth pattern of the ultrasonic bone mineral density and to set up normal database of the children under 15 years in China for child health care, pediatrics clinical and scientific research. 【Methods】 With the cluster sampling in Zhuhai, Kunming, Chenzhou, Suzhou, Anqing, Yangzhou, Chengdu and Shenyang city, 29 276 healthy children, among them 15 411 boys and 13 865 girls, aged from 1 month to 15 years old, divided into 12 age groups, were investigated, filled in the questionnaire, measured the weight and height conventional, assayed the bone mineral density at the middle tibia ahead side in the left curs with the ultrasonic bone analyzer of "Hongyang 1000-C model" made in China. 【Results】 The data indicated that 1)the Ultrasonic BMD value was the lowest in the groups from 1 month to just 6 months, then gradually increased with the age increase, and reached the maximum from 12 to 15 years; 2)the bone mineral density was not significant difference between boys and girls(t=0.824,P>0.05); 3)the BMD value was increased gradually with weight increase and gained quickly when weight in the 16 kg, then gained slowly when weight out the 16 kg; 4)the BMD value was increased gradually with height increase and gained slowly when height in the 75 cm, but the increase quickly when the height from 75 cm to 120 cm, then the increase slightly slower; 5)the predictor formula of the BMD chief component in the every aged groups were as follow, 1)the BMD value=2 954.69×(months-4.91)×(weight+1.52)×height for infant age; 2)the BMD value=2 901.90×(age-20.86)×(weight+5.41)×height for toddle's age; 3)3 136.91×(age-21)×(weight+4.39)×height for preschool age; 4)3 480.06×(age-1.05)×(weight+0.61)×height for school age and adolescence. 【Conclusions】 The ultrasonic BMD value and the correlation coefficient with the age, weight and height of normal children under 15 years in different age groups in the data can be referenced clinically.

【Objective】 To study the correlativity between autism symptoms and mental health of the autisms' parents. 【Methods】 34 autism children and 32 normal children were tested with Gesell Development Schedules(Gesell),Autism Behavior Checklist(ABC) and Social adaptive capability-measuring list from infant to junior school student(S-M),and their parents were tested with Symptom Check-List 90.Data were analyzed by t-test and multiple regression analysis with SPSS. 【Results】 Contrasted with control group,the autisms children had much higher ABC score,lower developmental quotient(DQ) and S-M score;The autisms' parents got more scores on SCL-90.The Gesell score was negative correlative with depression scale of SCL-90,ABC scores were positively correlated with the total score of SCL-90 and subscales on somatization, raletionship,depression, anxiety and paranoid. 【Conclusions】 The lower DQ and higher abnormal behavior of autisms children have a great influence on the mental health of the autisms' parents.So much intervention should be done for them.

【Objective】 To analyze the prevalence and risk factors of obesity among preschool children in Xiamen, and to provide the scientific basis for preventing obesity in children. 【Methods】 A random cluster sampling method was carried out, 34 kindergartens from urban district of Xiamen were selected randomly. 9 517 children at the age of 2～6 years old were selected as our study subjects, and all subjects' basic informa-tion (age,gender,height,weight,etc) were investigated. The prevalence rate of child obesity and its related factors were analyzed. 【Results】 The prevalence rate of obesity among preschool children in Xiamen was 7.40%, of which, the prevalence rate of boys was 9.03%, and the prevalence rate of girls was 5.48%. The prevalence rate was positive related with age. The results indicated that childhood obesity occurrence was related to their parents' obesity and high income, the child diet habits,time consumed in watching television and doing exercises. 【Conclusions】 This study demonstrates a high prevalence of obesity in preschool children in Xiamen. Child obesity can be related by gender, age and unhealthy life style.

Objective To investigate the influence of the auditory integration training in the rehabilitation of children with autism. Methods 80 children with autism were enrolled into this study, and they were divided into two groups.The differences were compared between auditory integration training combining with conventional rehabilitation and only conventional rehabilitation to cure autism children.The scores of Autism Behavior Checklist(ABC) were compared between them. Results 1)It was important for children with autism to have comprehensive rehabilitation.2)Compared with the control group, the experimental group's sensory and language function had improved after one month of treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05);3)The experimental group's sensory, language and social interaction function after three months of treatment had improved compared with the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The rehabilitation training has great significance for rehabilitation of children with autism, auditory integration training with conventional rehabilitation has a significant effect on the rehabilitation of children with autism, autistic children need to pay attention to strengthening the rehabilitation of auditory integration training during rehabilitation training.

Objective To find the development structure of cerebral palsy by Gesell Development Scale and improvement after the treatment. Methods Cerebral palsy (CP) children had Gesell Development Scales test before and after treatment,and a gross motor function classfication after treatment. Results A total of 105 children had the tests,spastic CP was predominant (74/105,70.48%),dyskinetic CP secondly(24/105,22.86%).The development quotient of CP was at the low-edge level,and gross motor area was the lowest(56.22±16.64).The development structure of the CP subtypes was different,gross motor area in spastic diplegia (51.92±10.18),fine motor area in hemiplegia(66.07±25.90),gross and fine motor areas in the dyskinetic children(43.64±14.64,47.07±19.27) were fell most.After the treatment,the development age was improved(P<0.05);development quotient of gross motor and adaption to other subject areas had differences than before.And the higher the GMFCS was,the lower DA and DQ were,children had less improvement(P<0.05). Conclusion Gross motor retardation was the core symptom of CP,the intelligence structure of CP subtypes was different.After the treatment,the gross motor area had less improvement,and the rate of the improvement had a correlation with GMFCS.In the clinical work,Gesell Development Scales test should be had at regular intervals.

代谢综合征是多种代谢异常同时聚集在同一个体的病理状态,显著增加心血管疾病风险以及心肌梗死、卒中及死亡风险。近年来,随儿童肥胖的流行,代谢异常的聚集状态越来越多地见于儿童群体。近年中国儿童青少年肥胖检出率为13.9,代谢综合征、高血压、糖尿病患病率分别为3.2%、8.1%、0.19%。研究显示向心性肥胖是代谢综合征的始动因素,胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征的病理生理基础。代谢综合征研究中,诊断组分纳入、组分权重、组分切点仍是争议的焦点,对其机制和干预性研究仍然是未来的热点。

【Objective】 To study the relationship between home rearing environment and preschool children's temperament and behavior problems. 【Methods】 Three hundred seventy preschool children were evaluated by self-designed questionnaire of family rearing environment, 3~7 years old children temperament questionnaires, Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist. To study the relationship between home rearing environment and children's temperament and behavior problems with Conditional logistic regression analysis. 【Result】 The home rearing environment play an important role in part preschool children's temperament and behavior problems. 【Conclusion】 Parents should pay attention to create favorable home rearing environment for preschool children's temperament and behavior development.

Objective To explore the status and influencing factors of health literacy among junior middle school students in China. Methods 2 616 students from national 25 provinces,municipalities were surveyed by self-reported questionnaire by the method of two stage cluster-stratified sampling.Data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0. Results There were gender,model of school-based health education and geographical region differences among junior middle school students' health literacy (P<0.05); health literacy overall average score of these adolescents was 76.11±8.65 and only 35.5% of them scored ≥80 (passing line).On the part in fundamental literacy,the passing rate was 26.6%,and 59.2% on the part in practical literacy. Conclusion The health literacy level of junior middle school students should be improved,and school-based health education is the best way to improve students' health literacy.

Objective To explore the attack rate of onychomadesis linked to hand,foot and mouth disease in Guangzhou. Method All lab-confirmed HFMD cases were follow up by home visit and telephone survey. Rerults 14 of the 356 HFMD cases had been attack by onychomadesis,attack rate were 3.93%,85.71% of them were HFMD cases caused by other enterovirus infections (non-EV71 and non-CoxA16),the average number of shed nails was 735 per case,HFMD in these 14 cases had started an average of 34 days before onset of onychomadeses and the changes on the nail. Conclusions Onychomadesis may occurred after HFMD,and most caused by other enterovirus infections.Further research are need to demonstrate whether or not onychomadesis is a long-term complication of HFMD.

Objective To analyze vitamin D nutritional status among 25 295 children in Guangzhou area and investigate its correlation with age and season. Methods The serum samples of healthy children from Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center in 2012 were tested.Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D[25-(OH)D] concentration was determined by ELISA kits.Serum Vitamin D status was classified into 3 groups according to its serum 25-(OH)D levels,severe deficiency(<12.5 nmol/L),deficiency(12.5~37.5 nmol/L) and insufficiency(37.5~50.0 nmol/L).Statistical analysis were done with SPSS 17.0 software. Results Totally,25 295 children samples were detected in 2012.The average serum 25-(OH)D concentration was 72.41 nmol/L.No significant correlation was found between the serum 25-(OH)D concentration and gender.Severe deficiency case was not found.The vitamin D concentration <50 nmol/L was 13.22%.The 25-(OH)D concentration decreased with age.The lowest concentration of vitamin D was found in Jan 2012.Then it increased gradually from Jan.to July,peaking in Aug.and Sep.and slow declined.Meanwhile,he vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency rate was peaking in Jan.and lowest in Sep..Conclusion The vitamin D concentration is lower in autumn and winter.The vitamin D nutritional status of children over 3 years old in Guangzhou is deficiency.

Objective To evaluate the role of health education in improving breastfeeding knowledge,breastfeeding behavior,and reducing the breastfeeding mother's anxiety. Methods By choosing 202 exclusively breastfeeding infant mothers with infants respectively at 1,2,3,4 months of age as investigation subjects,self-designed questionnaires were delivered to them to collect the information about the breastfeeding knowledge,the breastfeeding behaviors,the anxiety and other related things.According to the Results of questionnaires,the relevant education intervention were carried out face to face with the mothers about the knowledge of breastfeeding,feeding skills,and emotion regulation. Results After 4 times of health education interventions followed by interviews,infant and young children mother breastfeeding knowledge score increased from 8.43 to 9.55; The ratio of empty suction on one side after the other rose from 73.3% to 87.5% during the breastfeeding; With mothers' anxiety dropping from 18.8% to 13.1%,the proportion of the differences was statistically significant. Conclusion Health education plays an obvious promoting role in improving the knowledge and skills about mother breastfeeding as well as reducing the mother's anxiety.

多发性抽动症作为儿童青少年时期最常见的神经精神疾病,近年来发病率逐年升高,但病因发病机制尚未完全明了,目前研究认为与遗传、感染、免疫、社会心理等因素相关,本文总结整理关于多发性抽动症发病相关因素的研究进展。

骨骼是人体的支架,强健的骨骼是健康人生所必需的。何谓骨健康?从骨的发育角度讲,骨健康是骨的发育、形态和功能正常;从骨的生理学角度讲,骨健康是骨的营养、骨的代谢与骨量正常。综合这两个基本概念,儿童骨健康的基本含义可理解为,从胎儿到青春期骨的发育形态、营养代谢和骨量正常以及骨能正常发挥生理功能和抵御骨疾病的能力。根据这一概念,儿童骨健康的研究,主要是研究骨的发育、营养及骨量形成的过程及其影响因素。

Objective To observe the different feeding way of premature infant growth and evaluate the status of the growth of breast-fed premature infants supplemented with powdered human milk fortifier. Methods Totally 102 infants with gestational age <35 weeks were enrolled and divided into fortified human milk group (31 cases),human milk group (33 cases) and preterm formula group (38 cases).Physical growth speed,hemoglobin and blood calcium of three groups were monitored,and comparative analysed in correct gestational age term (40 weeks) and after 1 month,3 months. Results When the rate of weight gain in the correct term gestational age,after corrected gestational age 1 month and 3 months,fortified human milk group were higher than human milk group and preterm formula group.Three groups' incidences in feeding intolerance,necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and other differences were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Conclusions Premature infants fed with fortified human milk can promote the growth better,especially in weight growth rate and the risk of feeding intolerance and NEC don't increase.It can be used as the preferred way of feeding in preterm neonates.

【Objective】 To investigate the status of early childhood caries and caries-related factors for 3 years old children in the Haidian District of Beijing. 【Methods】 The investigation was involved in 588 children of 3 years old form 12 preschool in the Haidian District in Beijing. Their caries were examined and questionaire was provided by their parents. 【Results】 The prevalence of early childhood caries was 47.6%.The mean dft score was 2.20. The children with dft value greater than 3 occupy 26% of the entire examples whereas the number of their dft was 76% of the total caries. Logistic regression analysis showed that the feeding habits, the level of saliva mutans streptococci and the duration of feeding were significant. 【Conclusions】 3 years old children who have just entered kindergarten have a high rate of early childhood caries and low rate of treatment. A few children have a higher risk of early childhood caries and more attention should be need to them, check for them as soon as possible, meanwhile do a better job in prevention.

【Objective】 To analyze the originated correlation factors of macrosomia as well as its correlation to obesity in Qingdao,to guide duration of pregnancy and offer accordance for monitoring postnatal growth development. 【Methods】 To observe 1 815 cases of macrosomia as observational group,to compare the pregestational BMI,weight gain during pregnancy,body height,'glycometabolism,investigating diet,exercise.The level of leptin,adiponectin,insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰin the cord blood of 80 cases (40 cases macrosomia,40 case normal) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).BMI were assessed at 6 growth development to monitoring time for macrosomia and AGA. 【Results】 The index of pregestational BMI,weight gain during pregnancy,body height,'glycometabolism in observational group were much more abnormal than those in control group,and the intake of seafood and fruit in diet,the level of leptin,insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰin the cord blood,incidence rate of the overweight by assessing the BMI at postnatal monitoring point were all higher than those in the control group,while the adiponectin and movement time were lower than those in the control group. 【Conclusions】 The pregestational BMI,weight gain during pregnancy,body height,`glycometabolism,diet and exercise of gravida are the reasons to result in macrosomia.Macrosomia has the same pathology fundament as adults obesity,their postnatal incidence rate of overweight raise up obviously.

【Objective】 To investigate how the preschool children's diet behaviour influence their nutritional status in Shenzhen. 【Methods】 Stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to select suitable objects during March to June,2009.Before investigating,the investigators were gathered and trained by unified standards.Every child was investigated by one self-made questionnaire.10 138 preschool children were investigated,and 8 920 questionnaires were effected. 【Results】 The prevalence of simple obesity of preschool children in Shenzhen was 9.0%,the underweight was 0.6%,the stunting was 1.6%,the wasting was 0.9% and the anemia was 2.53%.There were risk factors of simple obesity such as listening to music,watching TV or playing while eating,short dinner time,disgusting chewing solid food and eating snacks before meal,liking to eat out et al.What's more,these behaviors as unfixed dinner time,dislike to chew solid food,refusing eating,less to go out for dinner were the risk factors of malnutrition and anemia of preschool children. 【Conclusions】 The study suggests that the preschool children' nutritional status is fine in Shenzhen,and some diet behavior were risk factors of obesity,underweight,stunting,maransis and anemia separately.

Objective To identify major factors of child obesity in preschool children for providing target factors for intervention. Methods Parents of preschool children,kindergarten teachers and kindergarten principals were chosen through convenience sampling for focus group interview or deep personal interview.Questionnaires were distributed to a total of 400 parents of 2 to 7 year-old children from five kindergartens in Beijing urban and rural areas.Information of qualitative interviews was obtained and summarized with keyword extraction.Overweight or obesity was determined by reference norm for screening obesity in Chinese preschool children [body mass index(BMI)≥the 85^th percentile was defined as overweight or obesity].Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential correlates. Results Overweight and obesity rates were 16.5% and 28.0%,respectively.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis found:1) risk factors:high birth weight (≥4 000 g)(OR=31.55;95%CI:1.78~4.17,P＜0.001),caesarean birth (OR=4.89;95%CI:1.42~16.89,P=0.01),breastfeeding and formula feeding (OR=25.90;95%CI:3.07~218.39,P＜0.001)and rare breastfeeding (OR=11.15;95%CI:1.686~73.7121,P=0.01),compared with exclusive breastfeeding;2) Protective factors:fathers'higher education(OR=0.32;95%CI:0.12~0.89,P=0.03),eating coarse grain frequently (OR=0.43;95%CI:0.21~0,87,P=0.02),and eating at home frequently (OR=0.86;95%CI:0.75~0.98,P=0.02). Conclusions Perinatal factors,family environment,birth and feeding conditions and children's diet and exercise behaviors are correlations of child obesity.With increasingly high incidence of overweight and obesity among Chinese preschool children,early intervention measures should be taken for reducing the incidence and development of overweight and obesity among preschool children.

【Objective】 To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of overweight and obesity in children of Taiyuan,and to provide the scientific basis for preventing overweight and obesity in children. 【Method】 A total of 1 582 grade 3 students from 5 elementary schools in Taiyuan were selected by a random cluster sampling method. 【Results】 The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity in children of Taiyuan were 11.5% and 9.4%.The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity were significantly higher in boys and single-child relative to girls and multiple-child respectively.Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that the main influencing factors of overweight and obesity were gender,single-child,parents' BMI,mother's educational level,times of watching television and birth weight. 【Conclusion】 The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity in children of Taiyuan are high and influenced by many factors.

【Objective】 To compare the levels of the serum calcium,phosphorus,zinc and bone alkaline phosphatase in 60 different rickets (DR) children with those in 60 cases of healthy children. 【Methods】 All the children were selected in Guangzhou during the same period.The 60 rickets children were divided into three groups according to the severity. 【Results】 The levels of calcium,phosphorus and zinc in moderate and severe DR group were significantly lower than that in the control group;the DR group bone alkaline phosphate level was significantly higher than the healthy group's.(P<0.05).Compared with the mild DR group,moderate and severe DR group had significantly less peripheral blood calcium,phosphorus and zinc,and more bone alkaline phosphatase (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Serum bone alkaline phosphatase,combining with the serum calcium,phosphorus,zinc,is a sensitive indicator of the disease rickets.

【Objective】 To know the eating behavior problems and influence factors among 0~3 years old children in Harbin,and to provide the scientific guidelines for early intervention. 【Methods】 Using cluster sampling method,1 538 children aged 0~3 years were selected to fill the questionnaires in four districts in Harbin.The contents of questionnaire included general information,characteristics of eating behavior, feeding behavior in parents and report for eating behavior problems in parents. 【Results】 The prevalence rate of eating behavior problems was 46.6% among 0~3 years old children in Harbin. Children less than 3 years old behaved "wrong eating habits" more than those in other age groups(χ²=13.37,P=0.004).Children more than 2 years old behaved "poor appetite" more than those in other age groups(χ²＝7.97,P=0.047).This study showed that the prevalence rates were higher in the problems of unstable eating places,doing other things while eating and eating with toys.Logistic analysis showed that children,whose father had the culture level under junior high school,had more eating behavior problems.The effect of income depended on the father's culture level.To the children whose father had culture more than high school,the higher family income was,the more eating behavior problems children had. 【Conclusion】 Health education should be conducted in parents in Harbin and scientific feeding attitude and style should be established to improve good eating habits in children.