亲子依恋对儿童情绪情感发展的影响及数字化时代面临的挑战与对策

doi:10.11852/zgetbjzz2025-0662

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 亲子依恋是儿童情绪情感发展的基石。亲子依恋包括安全型、回避型、矛盾型和紊乱型。依恋类型和年龄对儿童情感发展、情绪理解和调节等存在影响。数字化时代的“技术干扰”、“屏幕暴露时间过长”、“行为建模增强的控制”等现象严重威胁安全型亲子依恋的形成,进而影响儿童情绪情感的发展。本文提出了包括恰当选择数字产品内容(Select)、一起参与数字产品使用(Together)、精心设计数字产品使用时间与情境(Engineer)、科学提升父母亲子互动能力(Promote)在内的STEP策略,助力亲子依恋科学步入数字时代,促进良好的儿童情绪情感的形成。

关键词: 亲子依恋, 情绪情感发展, 数字化时代, 技术干扰, 屏幕暴露

Abstract: Parent-child attachment serves as the cornerstone of children′s emotional development.Parent-child attachment encompasses secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized types.Both attachment styles and age exert influences on children′s emotional growth, affective understanding, and regulation.In the digital era, phenomena such as "technoference", "excessive screen exposure" , and "behavioral modeling-enhanced control" pose significant threats to the formation of secure parent-child attachment, thereby impacting children′s emotional development.This paper proposes the STEP strategy, which includes Selecting appropriate digital content, engaging Together in digital product usage, Engineering well-designed timing and contexts for digital use, and Promoting parents′ interactive competencies scientifically.This framework aims to facilitate the scientific transition of parent-child attachment into the digital age and foster healthy emotional development in children.

Key words: parent-child attachment, emotional development, digital era, technological interference, screen exposure

中图分类号:

R179

刘巧云. 亲子依恋对儿童情绪情感发展的影响及数字化时代面临的挑战与对策[J]. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2025, 33(7): 697-701.

LIU Qiaoyun. Impact of parent-child attachment on children′s emotional development: Challenges and strategies in the digital era[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 2025, 33(7): 697-701.

参考文献

[1] Strongman KT.情绪心理学[M].2版.张燕云,译. 沈阳: 辽宁人民出版社, 1986.
[2] 中国互联网络信息中心.第55次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》[EB/OL].(2025-01-17)[2025-06-06].https://www.cnnic.cn/n4/2025/0117/c88-11229.html
[3] Bowlby J.Attachment and Loss, Vol.1: Attachment[M].New York: Basic Books & Hogarth Press, 1969.
[4] Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, et al.Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation[M].New York: Psychology Press, 2015.
[5] Bowlby EJM.Loss-sadness and depression: Attachment and loss volume 3[M].Random House, 2008.498.
[6] Ahmetoglu E, Ilhan Ildiz G, Acar IH, et al.Children′s emotion regulation and attachment to parents: Parental emotion socialization as a moderator[J].Soc Behav Personal, 2018, 46(6): 969-984.
[7] Vaughn BE, Bost KK, van IJzendoorn MH.Attachment and temperament: Additive and interactive influences on behavior, affect, and cognition during infancy and childhood[M]//Cassidy J, Shaver PR.Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications[M].2nd ed.New York: The Guilford Press, 2008: 192-216.
[8] McDaniel BT, Radesky JS.Technoference: Longitudinal associations between parent technology use, parenting stress, and child behavior problems[J].Pediatr Res, 2018, 84(2): 210-218.
[9] Main M, Solomon J.Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern[M].Ablex Publishing,1986.
[10] Main M, Solomon J.Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation[M]//Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.Chicago, IL, US: The University of Chicago Press, 1990: 121-160.
[11] Chae Y, Goodman M, Goodman G S, et al.How children remember the strange situation: The role of attachment[J].J Exp Child Psychol, 2018, 166: 360-379.
[12] Moss E, Bureau JF, Cyr C, et al.Correlates of attachment at age 3: Construct validity of the preschool attachment classification system[J].Dev Psychol, 2004, 40(3): 323-334.
[13] Rydell AM, Gunilla B, Thorell LB.Representations of attachment to parents and shyness as predictors of children′s relationships with teachers and peer competence in preschool[J].Attach Hum Dev, 2005, 7(2): 187-204.
[14] O′connor E, Bureau JF, Mccartney K, et al.Risks and outcomes associated with disorganized/controlling patterns of attachment at age three years in the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development[J].Infant Ment Health J Infancy Early Child, 2011, 32(4): 450-472.
[15] Bohlin G, Hagekull B, Rydell AM.Attachment and social functioning: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood[J].Soc Dev, 2000, 9(1): 24-39.
[16] Brenning KM, Soenens B, Braet C, et al.Attachment and depressive symptoms in middle childhood and early adolescence: Testing the validity of the emotion regulation model of attachment[J].Pers Relatsh, 2012, 19(3): 445-464.
[17] Borelli JL, David DH, Crowley MJ, et al.Links between disorganized attachment classification and clinical symptoms in school-aged children[J].J Child Fam Stud, 2010, 19(3): 243-256.
[18] Allen JP, McElhaney KB, Land DJ, et al.A secure base in adolescence: Markers of attachment security in the mother-adolescent relationship[J].Child Dev, 2003, 74(1): 292-307.
[19] Brenning K, Soenens B, Braet C, et al.The role of parenting and mother-adolescent attachment in the intergenerational similarity of internalizing symptoms[J].J Youth Adolesc, 2012, 41(6): 802-816.
[20] Miljkovitch R, Deborde AS, Bernier A, et al.Borderline personality disorder in adolescence as a generalization of disorganized attachment[J].Front Psychol, 2018, 9:1-10.
[21] Taumoepeau M, Ruffman T.Mother and infant talk about mental states relates to desire language and emotion understanding[J].Child Dev, 2006, 77(2): 465-481.
[22] Taumoepeau M, Ruffman T.Stepping stones to others′ minds: Maternal talk relates to child mental state language and emotion understanding at 15, 24, and 33 months[J].Child Dev, 2008, 79(2): 284-302.
[23] 王玉龙, 姚治红, 姜金伟.农村留守儿童亲子依恋与情绪调节能力的关系:留守时间的调节作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志, 2016, 24(3): 550-553.
Wang YL,Yao ZH,Jiang JW.Parent-child attachment and emotion regulation ability of rural left-behind children:Duration separated from parents as moderator[J].Chin J Clin Psychol, 2016, 24(3): 550-553.(in Chinese)
[24] Brumariu LE.Parent-child attachment and emotion regulation[J].New Dir Child Adolesc Dev, 2015, 2015(148): 31-45.
[25] Zimmermann P, Maier MA, Winter M, et al.Attachment and adolescents′ emotion regulation during a joint problem-solving task with a friend[J].Int J Behav Dev, 2001, 25(4): 331-343.
[26] Cassidy J.Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships[J].Monogr Soc Res Child Dev, 1994, 59(2-3): 228-249.
[27] Izard CE, Haynes OM, Chisholm G, et al.Emotional determinants of infant-mother attachment[J].Child Dev, 1991, 62(5): 906-917.
[28] McDaniel BT, Coyne SM."Technoference": The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women′s personal and relational well-being[J].Psychol Pop Media Cult, 2016, 5(1): 85-98.
[29] Zayia D, Parris L, McDaniel B, et al.Social learning in the digital age: Associations between technoference, mother-child attachment, and child social skills[J].J Sch Psychol, 2021, 87: 64-81.
[30] Gutierrez SA, Ventura AK.Associations between maternal technology use, perceptions of infant temperament, and indicators of mother-to-infant attachment quality[J].Early Hum Dev, 2021, 154: 105305.
[31] Radesky JS, Kistin CJ, Zuckerman B, et al.Patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children during meals in fast food restaurants[J].Pediatr, 2014, 133(4): e843-e849.
[32] Hiniker A, Suh H, Cao S, et al.Screen time tantrums: How families manage screen media experiences for toddlers and preschoolers[C]//Proc CHI Conf Hum Factors Comput Syst,2016: 648-660.
[33] Przybylski AK, Weinstein N.Digital screen time limits and young children′s psychological well-being: Evidence from a population-based study[J].Child Dev, 2019, 90(1): e56-e65.[34] Jake-Schoffman DE, Gabrielle TM, Walsemann KM.Wired: Parent-child relationship quality and recreational media use in a diverse sample of US children and adolescents[J].J Child Media, 2017, 11(3): 347-357.
[35] Lauricella AR, Wartella E, Rideout VJ.Young children′s screen time: The complex role of parent and child factors[J].J Appl Dev Psychol, 2015, 36: 11-17.
[36] Hood R, Zabatiero J, Zubrick SR, et al.The association of mobile touch screen device use with parent-child attachment: A systematic review[J].Ergon, 2021, 64(12): 1606-1622.
[37] Lee S J, Chae Y G.Children′s Internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation[J].Cyberpsychol Behav, 2007, 10(5): 640-644.
[38] Bernardi S, Pallanti S.Internet addiction: A descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms[J].Compr Psychiatry, 2009, 50(6): 510-516.
[39] Przybylski AK, Rigby CS, Ryan RM.A motivational model of video game engagement[J].Rev Gen Psychol, 2010, 14(2): 154-166.
[40] Hamari J, Koivisto J, Sarsa H.Does gamification work—a literature review of empirical studies on gamification[C]//Proc 47th Hawaii Int Conf Syst Sci Ieee, 2014: 3025-3034.
[41] Gou S, Zhang W, Tang Y, et al.Prevalence of internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents:A systematic review and Meta-analysis[J].Asian J Psychiatr,2024:104257.
[42] King DL, Delfabbro PH.The cognitive psychology of Internet gaming disorder[J].Clin Psychol Rev, 2014, 34(4): 298-308.
[43] Entertainment software association.Rating categories[EB/OL].[2025-06-06].https://www.esrb.org/ratings-guide
[44] Australian Classification Board.What are the ratings[EB/OL].[2025-06-10].https://www.classification.gov.au/classification-ratings/what-are-ratings.
[45] 中华人民共和国国务院.未成年人网络保护条例(国务院令第766号)[EB/OL].(2023-10-16)[2025-06-06].https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/2023/issue_10806/202311/content_6913813.html
[46] Crescenzi-Lanna L.The developmental appropriateness of digital games and its impact on young children′s enjoyment and playtime[J].Int J Child Comput Interact, 2022, 33: 100480.
[47] Thompson KM, Tepichin K, Haninger K.Content and ratings of mature-rated video games[J].Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2006, 160(4): 402-410.
[48] Kublenz-Gabriel L.Rating the rating systems: A comparison of media rating systems worldwide[D].University of Twente, 2016.
[49] Padilla-Walker LM, Coyne SM, Fraser AM.Getting a high-speed family connection: Associations between family media use and family connection[J].Fam Relat, 2012, 61(3): 426-440.
[50] Burkhardt SCA, Röösli P, Müller X.The Tuning in to Kids parenting program delivered online improves emotion socialization and child behavior in a first randomized controlled trial[J].Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 4979.
[51] Havighurst SS, Wilson KR, Harley AE, et al."Tuning into kids": Reducing young children′s behavior problems using an emotion coaching parenting program[J].Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2013, 44: 247-264.