Objective To investigate the behavior problem in preschool children using applied temperament difficulty index and provide a appropriate tools for the development of prevention and intervention measures. 【Method】 600 preschool children were surveyed using Carey Preschool Temperament Questionnaire and Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist for Parents,in Xicheng district of Beijing.Results The prevalence of preschool children with behavior problems was 37.4%,with 40.5% in boys and 33.1% in girls.There were significant gender differences in behavior subscale,the boys showed higher anxiety/depression,withdrawal,inattention,social problems,aggressive behavior(all P＜0.05).The temperament difficulty index had significantly positive correlation with child behavior problems scores(P≤0.001).Temperament difficulty index could be one of screening methods for childhood behavior problems,with the specificity of 97.2%. 【Conclusions】 The prevalence of behavior problems in preschool children is quite high.The negative temperament traits is significantly correlated with child behavior problems.Temperament difficulty index might be a good and suitable screening method for childhood behavior problems.