Objective To know the current death situation and the change of children under 5 years old in Tongling city and explore the feasibility of intervention measures. Method A retrospective investigation method was used to analyze the monitoring data of death of children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2012. Results During the 7 years,in neonates,infants and children under 5 years old,the average mortality rates were 3.26 ‰,5.17 ‰ and 7.07 ‰,respectively.Infant deaths accounted 73.08% for the death number of children under 5 years old.Congenital anomaly,various types of accidents,preterm delivery and low birth weight were the main cause of death in children under 5 years old. Conclusions The key to reduce the death rate of children under 5 years old is to reduce the death of infant and neonates.To improve the quality of perinatal health care and obstetric quality,take birth defect intervention,strengthen health education,improve safety awareness,the popularity of simple and effective emergency rescue technology are effective measures to reduce the mortality of children under 5 years old.