Objective To study the etiology of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Method A total of 193 cases of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were analyzed in the Rizhao Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2009 to February 2012 retrospectively. Results The etiological factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia of 193 cases were:perinatal factors (28%),breast milk jaundice (16.6%),hemolytic disease of the newborn (15%),neonatal infection factors (14.5%),maternal fetal liver injury (11.4%),congenital factors and other factors (14.5%).The main therapy methods were the blue light,albumin injection;dispel pathogeny including exchange transfusion therapy,anti-infection,suspend breast-feeding when breast milk jaundice,as well as various adjuvant treatment.In 193 cases of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia,in 184 cases were cured or improved diversified. Conclusion A variety of causes leading to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are diversified.Perinatal factors,breast milk jaundice,hemolytic disease of the newborn are most common factors.