【Objective】 To evaluate the effect of a pilot intervention on setting up long-term mechanism of neonatal resuscitation training in 4 counties in China. 【Methods】 A random control survey was conducted in the intervention counties and 4 randomly selected control counties in the China-Australia Health & HIV/AIDS Facility(CAHHF)project to evaluate the impact of intervention.The contents of the survey included knowledge and self-confidence score of health providers,in-hospital regulations and rules,and changes of asphyxia incidence and mortality. 【Results】 1) Over 90% of intervention hospitals had carried out neonatal resuscitation related regulations requiring that trained paediatricians participate in case discussion of high-risk delivery and onsite resuscitation,while in control hospitals less than 55% had such requirements.2) The average knowledge score of health providers in the intervention and control counties were 9.19±1.18 and 8.40±1.52 respectively (t=3.922,P<0.001).The average self-confidence score in the two groups were 57.33±2.50 and 54.09±8.19 respectively (t=3.541,P=0.001).For some core questions,the correct answer rates were less than 70% in the control group and was significantly lower than that in the intervention group.3) The incidence of birth asphyxia (defined as Apgar score≤7) decreased from 8.83% to 5.99% (χ²=11.300,P=0.001) in the intervention counties,and the intrapartum-related deaths in the delivery room decreased from 27.60/10⁵ to 5.03/10⁵(χ²=3.142,P=0.076).No significantly changes of asphyxia incidence and mortality were found in the control counties. 【Conclusions】 Setting up long-term mechanism of neonatal resuscitation training is an effective method to strengthen in-hospital training,promote department coordination,build up capability for neonatal resuscitation and therefore,can decrease the incidence of neonatal asphyxia.