【Objectives】 To analyze the death rates and death causes for the children under the age of 5 in Liuzhou from 2003 to 2011 and find out the trends and rules of death causes in children and provide a theoretical basis for the development of the health policies and interventions on reducing the death rates in children under the age of 5. 【Methods】 The death monitoring data of 6 071 cases in the children under the age of 5 were retrospectively analyzed during 2003-2011 in Liuzhou (including six counties and four districts). 【Results】 The nine-year surveillance data showed that the death rates of newborns,infants,and children under the age of 5 mortality rates greatly decreased.In 2011,the death rates for newborns,infants,and children under the age of 5 were 4.58‰,7.43‰ and 9.91‰,respectively.Compared with the death rates of three age groups in 2003,the death rates for newborns,infants,and children under the age of 5 were reduced by 6.91%,9.73% and 10.57%,respectively.The top five death causes for children under the age of 5 were as follows:preterm/low birth weight,congenital heart disease,birth asphyxia,congenital anomalies and accidental death. 【Conclusions】 Strengthening the ability of the child health care grassroots personnel in the appropriate neonatal resuscitation technical training,and vigorously promoting and guiding the knowledge of health care during pregnancy,can effectively reduce the death of children under the age of 5 and the incidence of birth defects.It can also strongly improve the quality of the population.