Objective To explore the effects of group-based executive function training for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (EFT-A) combined with medication on executive function deficits and related symptoms in adolescents with ADHD, so as to provide evidence for optimizing comprehensive intervention strategies. Methods Using convenience sampling, 60 adolescents aged 12 - 16 years with ADHD who attended the Department of Clinical Psychology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between March 2023 and October 2025, were enrolled. Participants were assigned to a combined treatment group or a medication-only group. Both groups received osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate, and the combined treatment group additionally received 12 weekly sessions of group-based executive function training. Assessments at baseline and after 12 weeks included the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), SNAP-Ⅳ, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Middle School Students Motivation Test.A 2×2 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare changes between groups. Results A total of 51 adolescents and their parents completed the post-intervention assessment. A significant group × time interaction was found for the total executive function score (F=4.22, P=0.045). Specifically, the combined treatment group showed statistically significant improvements in the response inhibition(F=5.19,P=0.027) and cognitive flexibility dimensions (F=8.09, P=0.006). Additionally, the combined treatment group exhibited significant reductions in post-intervention inattention scores (F=6.05, P=0.013) and oppositional defiant scores(F=4.67, P=0.036), with statistically significant interaction effects. However, no significant group × time interactions were observed for hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, coping styles, or learning motivation. Conclusions EFT-A combined with medication specifically enhance response inhibition and cognitive flexibility in adolescents with ADHD, improves attention, and reduces oppositional defiant behavior. These findings suggest that EFT-A may serve as a potential adjunctive intervention for adolescents with ADHD to improve executive functioning.
Key words
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder /
executive function /
adolescents /
group intervention
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