Objective To investigate the association between different feeding methods and infant gastrointestinal health, in order to provide evidence to promote exclusive breastfeeding during early infancy. Methods Participants were recruited from November 2021 to September 2022 in Nanjing, Chengdu, Xi′an, Wuhan, Guangzhou, and Qingdao.Infant gastrointestinal health was assessed using the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire (IGSQ).Generalized linear models and Logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship between feeding methods and IGSQ scores, as well as common gastrointestinal symptoms. Results A total of 765 mother-infant pairs were included.The median IGSQ scores were 21.00 (17.00, 25.00) for the exclusive direct breastfeeding group, 22.00 (18.00, 26.00) for the exclusive breastfeeding (direct + bottle-fed) group, and 22.00 (18.00, 27.00) for the mixed-feeding group.The average IGSQ score of infants in the mixed feeding was 1.106 points higher than that of the exclusive direct breastfeeding group (95%CI: 0.060 - 2.152, P=0.038).Compared with exclusive direct breastfeeding, mixed feeding was associated with a higher risk of constipation in infants(AOR=1.96, 95%CI: 1.198 - 3.202, P=0.007).The risk of dysphagia in infants in the exclusive breastfeeding (direct+bottle-fed)group and mixed feeding group was 2.14 (95%CI: 1.074 - 4.256, P=0.030) and 2.52 (95%CI: 1.371 - 4.637, P=0.003) times as high as that in the exclusive direct breastfeeding group, respectively.Additionally, exclusively breastfed infants exhibited fewer signs of irritability. Conclusions Exclusive direct breastfeeding in early infancy may help reduce gastrointestinal burden and negative emotional expressions in infants, demonstrating beneficial effects on gastrointestinal health.
Key words
gastrointestinal symptoms /
feeding methods /
emotion /
infants
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