A prospective cohort study on the association between paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy and children's intelligence at 6 years

SU Hui-jia; JI Hong-lei; CHEN Yao; CHEN Ya-fei; MIAO Mao-hua; YUAN Wei

doi:10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0595

PDF(656 KB)

Chinese Journal of Child Health Care ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11) : 1164-1168. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0595

A prospective cohort study on the association between paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy and children's intelligence at 6 years

SU Hui-jia^*, JI Hong-lei, CHEN Yao, CHEN Ya-fei, MIAO Mao-hua, YUAN Wei

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Objective To explore the effect of paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy on children's intelligence at 6 years old, so as to provide epidemiological evidence for prenatal and postnatal care services. Methods A total of 530 mother-child pairs were included in this study from the Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study (S-MBCS) established in 2012. Information on paternal exposure to cigarette smoke 3 months prior to pregnancy was obtained through a structured questionnaire at the first antenatal checkup. Intelligence of children at 6 years old was assessed using the Simplified Chinese Version of (the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition,WISC-Ⅳ). Multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of paternal cigarette smoke exposure prior to pregnancy on children's intelligence at 6 years old. Results After adjusting for covariates, paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy was associated with a decrease of 2.83 points (95%CI:-5.51 to -0.16) of children's Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). The effect of paternal smoking (OR=3.15, 95%CI:-6.32 to 0.03) was slightly stronger than that of paternal exposure to second-hand smoking (OR=2.62, 95%CI:-5.54 to 0.30). The effect of paternal smoking prior to pregnancy on children's FSIQ and Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) showed statistically significant dose-effect relationships (P_for_trend<0.05). Children whose fathers smoked more than 5 cigarettes per day prior to pregnancy had a FSIQ decrease of 6.57 points (95%CI:-10.88 to -2.26) and a PRI decrease of 5.83 points (95%CI:-10.61 to -1.05). Besides, the sex and gestational weeks of children showed significant interactions with paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy in the effects on children's intelligence (P_for_interaction<0.05). The effects of paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy on the intelligence of girls, or of children with less than 39 gestational weeks, were stronger. Conclusions Paternal exposure to cigarette smoke 3 months prior to pregnancy was associated with decreased children's intelligence at 6 years old. Our findings suggest that pre-pregnancy health guidance should strengthen the propaganda of husband's tobacco control before pregnancy, and both husband and wife should jointly assume the responsibility for prenatal and postnatal care.

Key words

prior to pregnancy / paternal exposure to cigarette smoke / children's intelligence / cohort study

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

SU Hui-jia, JI Hong-lei, CHEN Yao, CHEN Ya-fei, MIAO Mao-hua, YUAN Wei. A prospective cohort study on the association between paternal exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy and children's intelligence at 6 years[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care. 2022, 30(11): 1164-1168 https://doi.org/10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-0595

References

[1] Alati R, Macleod J, Hickman M,et al. Intrauterine exposure to alcohol and tobacco use and childhood IQ: Findings from a parental-offspring comparison within the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children[J]. Pediatr Res, 2008, 64(6):659-666.
[2] Ozmert EN, Yurdakök K, Soysal S, et al. Relationship between physical, environmental and sociodemographic factors and school performance in primary schoolchildren[J].J Trop Pediatr,2005,51(1):25-32.
[3] Falgreen Eriksen HL, Kesmodel US, Wimberley T, et al.Effects of tobacco smoking in pregnancy on offspring intelligence at the age of 5[J].J Pregnancy,2012,2012:945196.
[4] 杨锦蓉,王菁.父母接触CS2与子女智能发育的关系[J].工业卫生与职业病,2003,29(6):338-341.
[5] Oken E, Thompson JW, Rifas-Shiman SL, et al. Analysis of maternal prenatal weight and offspring cognition and behavior:results from the promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial(PROBIT) cohort[J].JAMA Netw Open,2021, 4(8):e2121429.
[6] 施旭,喻才骞,黄东晖.吸烟对妊娠及后代发育的影响[J].生殖医学杂志,2020,29(4):550-554.
[7] 杨杰,姜丽娜,袁振丽,等.被动吸烟对子代小鼠学习记忆的影响及抗氧化物干预研究[J].营养学报,2006,28(4):314-317.
[8] Fogelman KR, Manor O. Smoking in pregnancy and development into early adulthood[J].BMJ,1988,297(6658):1233-1236.
[9] 《中国吸烟危害健康报告2020》编写组,《中国吸烟危害健康报告2020》概要[J].中国循环杂志,2021,36(10):937-952.
[10] 陈霄雯,陈昊,施莉莉,等.妊娠期家庭控烟现状调查及影响因素分析[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(30):3697-3703.
[11] Roeleveld N, Vingerhoets E, Zielhuis GA, et al. Mental retardation associated with parental smoking and alcohol consumption before, during, and after pregnancy[J].Prev Med,1992,21(1):110-119.
[12] 李毓秋,张厚粲,朱建军.韦氏儿童智力量表第4版(中文版)六分测验简版及其在智力残疾评定中的作用[J].中国康复理论与实践,2011,17(12):1101-1104.
[13] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Definition of term pregnancy[EB/OL].(2013-11).https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2013/11/definition-of-term-pregnancy.
[14] Spong CY. Defining "term"pregnancy:recommendations from the defining "term" pregnancy workgroup[J].JAMA,2013,309(23):2445-2446.
[15] 倪玲玲.孕前、孕期生活与职业环境暴露对学龄前儿童执行功能影响的队列研究[D].安徽:安徽医科大学,2016.
[16] Hawkey AB, White H, Pippen E, et al. Paternal nicotine exposure in rats produces long-lasting neurobehavioral effects in the offspring[J].Neurotoxicol Teratol,2019,74:106808.
[17] Liu Y, Chen S, Pang D, et al. Effects of paternal exposure to cigarette smoke on sperm DNA methylation and long-term metabolic syndrome in offspring[J].EpigeneticsChromatin,2022,15(1):3.
[18] Murphy PJ, Guo J, Jenkins TG, et al.NRF2 loss recapitulates heritable impacts of paternal cigarette smoke exposure[J].PLoS Genet,2020,16(6):e1008756.
[19] 张美幸,乔中东.吸烟对生育能力及后代影响的研究进展[J].中国热带医学,2019,19(10):912-915.
[20] 王俊龙,田汝辉,杨施,等.人精原干细胞研究进展[J].中华医学杂志,2015,95(36):2994-2997.