Objective To explore the fine motor development characteristics of primary students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in order to provide an objective basis for developing non-drug treatment for ADHD. Method From September 2019 to April 2021, children who met the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) were screened from the first and second grade students of a general public elementary school in Beijing and the psychiatric outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Finally 32 predominantly inattentive type ADHD were enrolled, of whom 26 were boys and 6 were girls, with the average age of (8.47±1.23) years old. Sex- and age-matched typically developed (TD) children from nearby elementary schools were recruited as controls. All subjects were divided into the lower grade group of 6 to 8 years old and the senior grade group of 9 to 10 years old, using Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2), Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) and Developmental Test of Visual Perception-3 (DTVP-3) to evaluate the level of fine motor development and visual perception ability of all children. Results 1) The score of the MABC-2(t=2.22), manual dexterity(t=3.44) and DTVP-3 (except figure-ground) of ADHD students(t=4.45,6.55,2.13,2.13) were lower than those of TD children (P＜0.05). ADHD children took more time using their dominant and non-dominant hand to complete GPT than TD students, and the differences were statistically significant (t=2.72, 3.31, P＜0.05). 2) The score of MABC-2(t=3.11), pins(t=3.61,2.50), traces and DTVP-3 (except figure-ground ) of ADHD children(t=4.70,6.24,2.28,2.07) in lower grades were significantly lower than those of normal group (P＜0.05). The time of ADHD using dominant and non-dominant hands to finish GPT were more than that of TD group (t=3.48, 3.47, P＜0.05). 3) The score of MABC-2 dominant nail insertion of ADHD children in senior grade was lower than that of TD group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.91, P＜0.05). Conclusions ADHD primary students have poor development of fine motor skills, including poor hand fine operation skills, low visual perception processing and visual-motor integration abilities. The fine motor development of ADHD primary students in the lower grades lags behind more significantly, which is improved in ADHD children in senior grades, but still can not reach the level of TD students with the same age.
Key words
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder /
children /
fine motor /
visual perception ability
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