[1] Gravholt CH,Viuff MH,Brun S,et al.Turner syndrome: Mechanisms and management[J].Nat Rev Endocrinol,2019,15(10):601-614.
[2] Gravholt CH,Andersen NH,Conway GS,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: Proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2017,177(3):G1-G70.
[3] 张凯丽.特纳综合征合并骨质疏松发病率的Meta分析[D].太原:山西医科大学,2018.
[4] Wasserman H,Backeljauw PF,Khoury JC,et al.Bone fragility in Turner syndrome: Fracture prevalence and risk factors determined by a national patient survey[J].Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),2018,89(1):46-55.
[5] Khosla S,Monroe DG.Regulation of bone metabolism by sex steroids[J].Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med,2018,8(1):a031211.
[6] Negreiros LP,Bolina ER,Guimarães MM.Pubertal development profile in patients with Turner syndrome[J].J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2014,27(9-10):845-849.
[7] 陈槺,潘慧.特纳综合征治疗起始时间与预后的关系[J].济宁医学院学报,2018,41(2):87-91.
[8] Chin KY.The relationship between follicle-stimulating hormone and bone health: Alternative explanation for bone loss beyond oestrogen?[J].Int J Med Sci,2018,15(12):1373-1383.
[9] Carpini S,Carvalho AB,de Lemos-Marini SHV,et al.FSH may be a useful tool to allow early diagnosis of Turner syndrome[J].BMC Endocr Disord, 2018,18(1):8.
[10] Frederiksen AL,Hansen S,Brixen K,et al.Increased cortical area and thickness in the distal radius in subjects with SHOX-gene mutation[J].Bone, 2014,69:23-29.
[11] Soucek O,Schönau E,Lebl J,et al.Artificially low cortical bone mineral density in Turner syndrome is due to the partial volume effect[J].Osteoporos Int,2015,26(3):1213-1218.
[12] Vuorenkoski V,Lenko HL,Tjernlund P,et al.Fundamental voice frequence during normal and abnormal growth,and after androgen treatment[J].Arch Dis Child,1978,53(3):201-209.
[13] Rajpathak SN,Vellarikkal SK,Patowary A,et al.Human 45,X fibroblast transcriptome reveals distinct differentially expressed genes including long noncoding RNAs potentially associated with the pathophysiology of Turner syndrome[J].PLoS One,2014,9(6):e100076.
[14] Wasserman H,Backeljauw PF,Khoury JC,et al.Bone fragility in Turner syndrome: Fracture prevalence and risk factors determined by a national patient survey[J].Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),2018,89(1):46-55.
[15] Santos LO,Laranjeira R,Borborema MEBA,et al.Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and expression profile influence upon the immunological imbalance in Turner syndrome[J].J Endocrinol Invest,2020,43(4):505-513.
[16] Barrientos-Rios R,Frias S,Velázquez-Aragón JA,et al.Low bone mineral density and renal malformation in Mexican patients with Turner syndrome are associated with single nucleotide variants in vitamin D-metabolism genes[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2019,35(9):772-776.
[17] Faienza MF,Lassandro G,Chiarito M,et al.How physical activity across the lifespan can reduce the impact of bone ageing: A literature review[J].Int J Environ Res Public Health,2020,17(6):186.
[18] Thompson T,Zieba B,Howell S,et al.A mixed methods study of physical activity and quality of life in adolescents with Turner syndrome[J].Am J Med Genet A,2020,182(2):3866-3969.
[19] Zhang Y,Chen RM,Lin XQ,et al.The correlation between serum adipokines levels and metabolic indicators in girls with Turner syndrome[J].Cytokine,2019,113:139-143.
[20] Faienza MF,D'Amato G,Chiarito M,et al.Mechanisms involved in childhood obesity-related bone Fragility[J].Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019,10:269.
[21] YuJY,Choi WJ,Lee HS,et al.Relationship between inflammatory markers and visceral obesity in obese and overweight Korean adults: An observational study[J].Medicine (Baltimore),2019,98(9):e14740.
[22] Al-Daghri NM,Aziz I,Yakout S,et al.Inflammation as a contributing factor among postmenopausal Saudi women with osteoporosis[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2017,96(4):e5780.
[23] Wegiel M,Antosz A,Gieburowska J,et al.Autoimmunity predisposition in girls with Turner syndrome[J].Front Endocrinol (Lausanne),2019,10:511.
[24] Krela-Kaz'mierczak Ⅰ,Szymczak A,Lykowska-Szuber L,et al. Osteoporosis in gastrointestinal diseases[J].Adv Clin Exp Med,2016,25(1):185-190.
[25] Mohamed SOO,Elkhidir IHE,Abuzied AIH,et al.Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among the Turner Syndrome patients: Meta-analysis of cross sectional studies[J].BMC Res Notes,2018,11(1):842.
[26] Tsourdi E,Lademann F,Siggelkow H.Impact of thyroid diseases on bone[J].Internist (Berl),2018,59(7):661-667.
[27] 中华医学会内分泌学分会性腺学组.特纳综合征诊治专家共识[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2018,34(3):181-186.
[28] Cintron D,Rodriguez-Gutierrez R,Serrano V,et al.Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on bone and cardiovascular outcomes in women with turner syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Endocrine, 2017,55(2):366-375.
[29] SonKA,Lee DY,Yoon BK,et al.The Efficacy of long-term estrogen replacement therapy in turner syndrome women with premature ovarian insufficiency[J].J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol,2019,32(5):530-534.
[30] 吕翠君,阳洪波,陈适,等.特纳综合征患者早期雌激素替代治疗改善骨密度[J].基础医学与临床,2016,36(5):694-697.
[31] 芦莉,张海,钟元梅,等.特纳综合征患者骨质测评及干预的临床研究[J].青海医药杂志,2020,50(3):1-4.
[32] Nguyen HH,Wong P,Strauss BJ,et al.Delay in estrogen commencement is associated with lower bone mineral density in Turner syndrome[J].Climacteric,2017,20(5):436-441.
[33] HasegawaY,Ariyasu D,Izawa M,et al.Gradually increasing ethinyl estradiol for Turner syndrome may produce good final height but not ideal BMD[J].Endocr J,2017,64(2):221-227.
[34] Zaiem F,Alahdab F,Al Nofal A,et al.Oral versus transdermalestrogen in turner syndrome:Asystematic review and meta-analysis[J].Endocr Pract, 2017,23(4):408-421.
[35] 刘素华,郭优,杨玲.早期应用生长激素对特纳综合征患儿的临床疗效分析[J].首都食品与医药,2019,26(15):54.
[36] Cleemann L,Holm K,Kobbernagel H,et al.Normal tempo of bone formation in Turner syndrome despite signs of accelerated bone resorption[J].Horm Res Paediatr,2011,76(3):193-201.
[37] Nour MA,Burt LA,Perry RJ,et al.Impact of growth hormone on adult bone quality in Turner syndrome: A HR-pQCT study[J].Calcif Tissuen Int, 2016,98(1):49-59.
[38] Soucek O,Schönau E,Lebl J,et al.A 6-year follow-up of fracture incidence and volumetric bone mineral density development in girls with turner syndrome[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2018,103(3):1188-1197.
[39] Tsuburai T,Nakamura T,Yoshikata H,et al.Eldecalcitol increases bone mass in patients with Turner syndrome who have insufficient bone mass acquisition after estrogen replacement yherapy[J].Endocr J,2018,65(6):629-638.