Objective To test the expression levels of serum microRNA-155(miR-155) and interferon-γ inducible protein 10(IP-10) in children with bronchial asthma, and to analyze their correlation with prognosis of children, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment. Methods A total of 72 children with bronchial asthma who were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical from January 2018 to March 2019 were selected as the study subjects, and 75 healthy children who took physical examination were selected into the control group.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of serum miR-155, the levels of serum IP-10, interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation among miR-155, IP-10, IL-6 and TNF-α.Children with bronchial asthma were followed up within one year after treatment, the number of asthma attacks, average hospitalization times, average hospitalization time and peak expiration flow(PEE) were recorded, and the relationship between the expressions of miR-155 and IP-10 and the prognosis of children was analyzed. Results Compared with those in control group, the expression level of serum miR-155 in children with bronchial asthma was significantly lower (t=13.852, P<0.05), while the expression levels of IP-10, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in children with bronchial asthma (t=7.317, 10.170, 13.772, P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the expression level of serum miR-155 was negatively correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α (r=-0.489,-0.579, P<0.05), the expression level of IP-10 was positively related to IL-6 and TNF-α (r=0.546, 0.599, P<0.05), and serum miR-155 level was negatively correlated with IP-10 level (r=-0.512, P<0.05).The attack times, hospitalization times, hospitalization duration in children with high expression of serum miR-155 within one year were significantly lower than low expression of serum miR-155, and PEE was significantly higher in high expression group of serum miR-155 (t=8.442, 8.933, 10.413, 10.204, P<0.05).While the levels of the above indicators except PEE in children with high expression of serum IP-10 were significantly higher than low expression of serum IP-10, and PEE was significantly lower in high expression group of serum IP-10 (t=7.272, 7.189, 11.589, 9.789, P<0.05). Conclusion miR-155 and IP-10 may be related to airway inflammation in asthma, which are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis and prognosis of bronchial asthma, and the specific mechanism needs be further studied.