Objectives To investigate the condition of iron deficiency anemia(IDA) in premature infants from 0 to 2 years old,and to investigate the related factors of IDA. Methods Totally 208 premature infants born in Urumqi city from June 2015 to December 2016 were selected as the subjects of the study.Premature infants from 0 to 12 months and those old from 1 to 2 months old were tested for total blood type 5 and trace elements at 6 months and 18 months old respectively.The incidence of IDA among premature infants was compared by age,sex and ethnicity. Results The incidence of IDAin children under one year old was higher than that of premature infants aged 1 to 2 years(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences on the IDA incidence and iron deficiency rate between female and male premature infants(P>0.05) However,the incidence of small cell hypopigmentation in female premature infants were higher than that in male premature infants,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences on the incidence of IDA and small cytochrome in preterm infants of different ethnic groups(P>0.05).The differences on iron deficiency rate were statistically significant among different ethnic groups(P＜0.05),of which the Kazakh incidence rate was the highest(44.44％). Conclusions Premature infants are more prone to IDA.To prevent and reduce the occurrence of IDA in premature infants,a unified ferrum nutritional supplement plan should be formulated according to local conditions,and children′s health,scientific feeding and nutrition education should be strengthened for parents of ethnic minorities.