Objective To analyze the relationship between vitamin A (VA) deficiency and neonatal infectious pneumonia. Methods A total of 206 outpatient term infants were enrolled in this study from January to June 2018,and the VA level of infants were tested.The prevalence rates of infectious pneumonia in neonates with different VA levels were compared.And VA levels were compared between groups according to whether they had infectious pneumonia and the severity of pneumonia.Newborns with pneumonia were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group.The control group received conventional treatment,while the experimental group was given oral vitamin A 1 500 U/d additionally.The clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. Results 1) Among the 206 newborns,116 were with vitamin A deficiency,51 were with marginal vitamin A deficiency,and 39 were in normal levels.Infants with lower the VA level had significantly higher prevalence of infectious pneumonia (χ²=10.02,P=0.007).2) The VA level in pneumonia group [(0.182±0.079) mg/L](t=4.570,P<0.001) was significantly lower than that in the non-pneumonia group[(0.236±0.098) mg/L](t=4.570,P<0.001)].And serum vitamin A [(0.125±0.041) mg/L] was significantly lower in newborns with severe pneumonia than that in newborn with mild pneumonia[(0.212±0.078) mg/L] (t=4.62,P＜0.001).3) After the adjuvant treatment,the durations of clinical symptoms such as shortness of breath,cough,milk choking and lung rales were significantly lessen than those of the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusions The neonatal serum VA level is closely related to the incidence of pneumonia. And small dose of vitamin A is effective in the treatment of neonatal infectious pneumonia has distinct curative effect, can shorten the duration of clinical symptoms significanfly.