Objective To understand the influencing factors of preschool children's temperament,so as to take appropriate interventions to promote the health development of children's temperament. Methods Cluster sampling method was used to randomly select sample kindergartens from 4 rural and urban areas of the four corners in Xi'an City in October 2014.Three to eight classes were selected to conduct the investigation according to large medium and small classes in one kindergarten.The questionnaires filled out by parents or main caregivers included the general information,the Adjustment Scale of Infant and Junior Middle School Students revised by ZUO Qihua,the Temperament Scale of 3 to 7-year-old Children and Eysenck(adult) Personality Questionnaire(EPQ).Totally 1 100 questionnaires were sent out and 936(85.09%) valid questionnaires were collected.Multi-linearity regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of social adaptation ability with SPSS 15.0 software. Results Factors entering regression equation of the temperament in children included the good ability of social adaptation(95%CI:0.045-1.530,P=0.038),parents' marriage good(95%CI:0.450-1.650,P=0.001),the not only child(95%CI:-2.788--0.148,P=0.031),non-abnormal phenomena during pregnancy(95%CI:-2.082--0.517,P=0.002),good nutrition condition during pregnancy(95%CI:-1.452--0.224,P=0.009),good maternal psychology during pregnancy(expectation for pregnancy)(95%CI:-0.918-0.045,P=0.074),introversion and extroversion of maternal personality(E points)(95%CI:-0.003-0.058,P=0.076),emotional personality for father(N points)(95%CI:-0.037--0.010,P=0.001) and gender(95%CI:-0.669--0.122,P=0.005). Conclusions Temperament is affected by the common influence of congenital heredity and acquired environment.When raising children,in addition to paying attention to the antenatal care,parents also need to build a harmonious family atmosphere in order to promote the healthy development of children's personality.