Objective To analyze the current status of anemia and related factors in premature infants,and to provide scientific basis for clinical prevention. Method A retrospective,case-control study was conducted.A total of 653 premature infants samples within 72 hours after birth from Neonatal Unit from January 2010 to December 2016 were collected to investigate the current status and related factors of anemia in prematurity. Results The anemia rate in premature infants was 322/653 (49.3%).The gestational age,birth weight,Apgar score and jaundice appearance time in anemia group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P<0.05).The length of hospital stay,food abstinence duration,the total number of venous blood collection in anemia group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05).Multiple factor logistic regression analysis revealed that the length of hospital stay (OR=2.72,95%CI:1.652～4.477,P<0.001),birth weight evaluation (OR=2.424,95%CI:1.673～3.511,P<0.001),the total number of venous blood collection (OR=1.559,95%CI:1.203~2.02,P<0.001) were included as the only independent high-risk factors for anemia of prematurity. Conclusion The smaller gestational age,the lower birth weight,the greater laboratory blood loss and critically ill are associated with anemia of prematurity.