Objective To understand Xinjiang Uygur students' body shape,function,quality change rules and characteristics,and to provide data for physical health education and health supervision of students in this region. Methods The whole group sampling method was adopted.A random selection of 11 primary and secondary schools from cities,and the Uighur students of 17 primary and middle schools in rural areas were enrolled. Results Comparison between 2015 and 2010:In 2015,the height of male and female students of all age atages in urban areas increased,among them,the increase in height of urban 14-year old girls was 11.3 cm,the increase in height for 13-year-old boys was 8.9 cm with the highest increase;And the rural boys and girls had a rise and fall in all ages.Urban male and female students weighed more than rural students between 7 and 12 years old,the 12-year-old boys from rural areas were 5.8 kg heavier than the boys from cities,girls aged 12 from cities were 6.2 kg heavier than rural girls;Men and women from cities aged 13 to 18 weighed less than those in the countryside.Both urban and rural students had varying increase of lung capacity (except for students aged 16~18).The gaps between height and weight in 2015 were larger than those in 2010 between urban and rural areas. Conclusions Uighur students' height,weight and lung capacity is increasing in cities,whereas the indicators of rural primary and middle school students are up and down.