Objective To analyse physical development of compulsory primary students who participated in nutrition improvement program in Xinjiang Corps,to explore factors affecting the growth and development and propose reasonable nutrition intervention improvements opinion,to promote primary students' health in Region. Methods The sample was obtained by cluster sampling study,the basic information was recorded and height and weight were measured,The data were inputted to Excel software and the corresponding BMI values were calculated,and compared with the 2010 National Student Physical Fitness and evaluated using SPSS 21.0. Results The total of 4 507 people were surveyed.The prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys was higher than that of girls (P<0.001);The prevalence of 6-year-old group and 7-year-old group was the highest (P<0.001); The difference of different academic year was not statistically significant (P>0.05).Detection rate of wasting in boys was higher than that of girls (P=0.003);12-year-old group (P=0.015) and 2014-2015 school year were the highest (P<0.001).Detection rate of growth retardation in different gender,the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05);13-year-old group (P<0.001) and 2012-2013 school year were the highest (P<0.001). Conclusion Xinjiang Corps rural compulsory education students nutritional imbalance seriously overweight boys than girls are more vulnerable to malnutrition and obesity,should be the main object of attention,more likely to overweight and obesity in low-age group,prone to malnutrition in the high-age group.