Objective To study the infection and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) among the newly enrolled students of primary school of Xi 'an,and get a scientific basis for further prevention and control of TB in children and schools. Method Seven primary schools were selected from city and township,respectively.A total of 2 982 newly enrolled students were screened by PPD and chest X-ray. Results New TB infection rate was 2.1% (64/2 982) in the newly students;There was no significant statistical difference in infection rate of different gender (χ²=3.848,P>0.05);And there were significant difference in different district (χ²=8.896,P<0.05).Further chest X-ray were proceed in the PPD positive students,2 patients with tuberculosis were detected,and the prevalence of TB were 67/10⁵. Conclusion TB infection rate of rural students is higher than urban ones.Great importance to the tuberculosis (TB) screening for school students should be attached to prevent and control the TB in children