Objective To understand the impact of family environment on children's death, and explore intervention Methods to reduce children mortality. Methods According to the death information data from 2011 to 2013, a number of dead children and the same number of living children as control group on the matching ratio 1∶1 were selected and investigated children' family using questionnaires. Results Compared between two groups, factors such as education levels of children's parents and relatives' health care during perinatal period, family internal harmony degree, family economic condition and the equipped emergency medicine, family's social relations, belong to unintended fertility or not and left-behind children or not, geographical environment, traffic environment and whether there was a medical institutions within 5 kilometers around the house had impacts on the children's mortality. Conclusion It is necessary to improve the family environment, and service use before under-five children death, to reduce children mortality.