Objective To study parenting locus of control and the medication adherence,to investigate the factors affecting medication adherence in children with asthma,and to provide basis for intervention measure for improve the adherence of medication. Methods A total of 209 children with asthma were enrolled from September 2013 to December 2013 and were divided into 2 groups with Morisky Medication Adherence Scale:nonadherence group and adherence group.Univariate and binary regression analysis were used to compare the differences of 19 indicators including Parenting Locus of Control Scale (PLOC) and ages,the mastery of inhalation technique and so on between the two group to find out the main factors influencing the medication adherence. Results According to the univariate analysis,the age,course of the disease,income of the family,education level of the main caregivers,the parents knowledge,the mastery of inhalation technique,the use of peak flow meter,worry about the side effect,onset times,emergency times and PLOC were different between the two groups(P<0.01).The binary regression analysis showed that the parents knowledge,factor 3 and 5 of PLOC were the main factors which influenced the medication adherence(P<0.01). Conclusions The knowledge of the parents and the management of children are important for improving the medication adherence.The asthma children's family psychological and social support should be strengthened,and more effective management strategies and method were taken.