Objective To study the relationship between family geography and deaths of children under five years old. Methods Based on the death data of reported information in 2011-2013 in Shiyan,it was retrospectively analyzed to understand whether the family residence geographical environment associated with child mortality with the proposed questionnaire. Results In different gender deaths of children under five years of age,there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.267) on the family residence constitutes.There were significant differences on the residence geography constitutes (P<0.05),a significant difference on the traffic conditions constitute (P<0.05),and there were no significant difference (P>0.05) on the constitute of surrounding environment residence. Conclusion There is a close relationship between different gender deaths of children under 5 years old and the family geographical conditions and traffic conditions,the death proportion of boys was higher than girls in the mountains and hills.