Objective To investigate the life quality of rural left-behind children in Gansu and explore its influential factors. Method A total of 1 484 rural left-behind children and non left-behind children were randomly selected and measured by Children and Adolesconts Quality of Life Sale (CQOL) and self-designed questionnaire. Results Left-behind children's living quality was generally on a middle-low level with a proportion of 84.9%;the life quality of rural left-behind children was lower than those of non left-behind children(P＜0.05);statistical significant differences were found in the variables of gender,boarding,school record and family income among the left-behind children(P＜0.05). Conclusions The living quality of left-behind children in rural areas is generally low.To strengthen the psychological health education of left-behind children is a long-standing work.