Objective To explore the status and influence factors of rural left-behind children aged 3 to 6 years in Shandong province for prevention strategies and suitable measures. Methods A total of 735 children aged 3 to 6 were selected as the subjects with random cluster sampling method from 8 kindergartens of two towns in Changqing and Gaotang,Shandong province.Children were investigated in a self-designed questionnaire of children's condition and Children Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(edition of parents,SDQ). Results The prevalence of difficulty of left-behind children was 16.5%,higher than the prevalence of difficulty of non-left-behind children which was 14.3%.There were significant differences in the behavioral problem and hyperactivity problem of SDQ between left-behind children and non-left-behind children(P all <0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that the lighter psychological burden feeling of caregivers on educating the left-behind children(OR=0.652,95%CI=0.463~0.919) and caregivers pay attention to cultivating the-left-behind children's living habits(OR=0.676,95%CI=0.478~0.955) were influencing factors. Conclusion Left behind phenomenon could have a certain impact on emotion and behavior of the left-behind children and more attention should be paid to keep their mental health.