Objective To evaluate the interaction effects of grandparent asthma status and passive smoking on children asthma and asthma related symptoms. Methods Using a cluster random sampling method, 2 elementary schools and 1 kindergarten were randomly selected from seven cities of Liaoning province.All children lived with grandparent for more than 3 years from the selected schools were recruited in this survey.The information about the children's respiratory diseases, grandparent asthma status, living environment and enviromental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure were collected by an international standard questionnaire from American Thoracic Society.The generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were applied to explore the interaction effects of grandparent asthma status and passive smoking on asthma and asthma related symptoms (persistent cough, persistent phlegm, current wheeze and allergic rhinitis). Results A total of 3 576 children involved in this survey.There were 224 children with grandparent asthma status and 970 children with ETS.The percentage of children with grandparent asthma status was 6.26% and 13.39% with ETS exposure.The prevalence of cough, current wheeze and asthma were 16.07%(336/224), 14.29%(32/224) and 13.39%(30/224) in children with grandparent asthma status, while that in children without grandparents asthma status were 10.32%(346/3 352), 5.91%(198/3 352) and 5.61%(188/3 352) respectively.Compared to the children without grandparent asthma status, the children with grandparent asthma status had higher risk of cough(OR=1.66, 95%CI:1.15～2.42), current wheeze(OR=2.65, 95%CI:1.78～3.96) and asthma(OR=2.60, 95%CI:1.72～3.93).The prevalence of cough and expectoration in children with ETS were 14.02%(136/970) and 6.19%(60/970) respectively.The children with ETS increased the risk of cough(OR=1.56, 95%CI:1.25～1.96) and expectoration(OR=1.57, 95%CI:1.13～2.18) compared with the children without ETS.GLMMs analysis showed there were significant interaction effects between grandparent asthma status and passive smoking. Conclusion Grandparent asthma status may increase the detrimental effects of passive smoking on asthma and asthma related symptoms in children.
Key words
grandparent asthma status /
passive smoking /
asthma /
asthma related symptoms /
children
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