目的 了解0~3岁婴幼儿父母共情与回应性照护的关系,为提高我国父母回应性照护水平进而改善养育质量提供理论依据。方法 采用横断面调查于2025年1—2月对陕西省3所托育机构304名0~3岁婴幼儿父母开展调查,采用一般资料调查表、中文版人际反应指针量表以及回应性照护评价量表通过问卷星收集有效数据304名。结果 差异性检验分析发现,不同监护人(t=3.915)和父母是否为主要照顾者(t=2.631)的回应性照护水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。分层多重线性回归分析结果表明,父母共情水平对回应性照护水平具有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.257,P＜0.001)。进一步分析发现,共情关心(β=0.207)、个人痛苦(β=-0.164)及观点采择(β=0.307)对回应性照护水平均有显著的预测作用(P＜0.01)。结论 他人导向的父母共情(共情关心、观点采择)对回应性照护具有积极影响,自我导向的父母共情(个人痛苦)则具有消极影响。在养育指导中,应注重培养父母他人导向的共情关心及观点采择能力,进而有效提升回应性照护水平。
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between parental empathy and responsive caregiving for infants and young children, in order to provide a theoretical evidence for improving the quality of parenting in China by enhancing the level of parental responsive caregiving. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of 304 children aged 0 - 3 years from three childcare institutions in Shaanxi Province between January and February 2025. A total of 304 valid data were collected online (via Questionnaire Star) using a general information questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI-C), and the Responsive Caregiving Rating Scale. Results Differential tests revealed statistically significant differences in responsive caregiving levels based on the different guardian role (t=3.915) and whether the parent was the primary caregiver (t=2.631) (P<0.01). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that the overall level of parental empathy significantly and positively predicted the level of responsive caregiving (β=0.257, P<0.001). Further analysis indicated that empathic concern (β=0.207), personal distress (β=-0.164), and perspective-taking (β=0.307) all had significant predictive effects on the level of responsive caregiving (P<0.01). Conclusions Other-oriented parental empathy (empathic concern and perspective-taking) positively influences responsive caregiving, whereas self-oriented parental empathy (personal distress) has a negative impact. Parenting guidance should focus on cultivating parents′ other-oriented empathic concern and perspective-taking abilities to effectively improve the quality of responsive caregiving.
关键词
回应性照护 /
父母共情 /
共情关心 /
观点采择 /
个人痛苦
Key words
responsive caregiving /
parental empathy /
empathic concern /
perspective-taking /
personal distress
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 徐玉英, 王雪娜, 李佳, 等. 婴幼儿回应性照护的研究进展[J]. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2023, 31(1): 71-75.
Xu YY, Wang XN, Li J, et al. Research progress in responsive caregiving for infants and toddlers[J]. Chin J Child Health Care, 2023, 31(1): 71-75. (in Chinese)
[2] Anikiej-Wiczenbach P, Kaz′mierczak M. Validation of the Parental Responsiveness Scale[J]. Curr Issues Personal Psychol, 2021, 9(3): 258-266.
[3] 倪雪菲, 樊利春. 儿童早期发展养育照护体系中的回应性照护[J]. 中国儿童保健杂志, 2023, 31(1): 62-65,70.
Ni XF, Fan LC. Responsive care in early childhood development nurturing care systems[J]. Chin J Child Health Care, 2023, 31(1): 62-65,70. (in Chinese)
[4] Gonzalez S, Rodriguez CM. Development and psychometric characteristics of analog measures of parental empathy[J]. PLoS One, 2021, 16(11): e0259522.
[5] Stern JA, Cassidy J. Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences[J]. Dev Rev, 2018, 47: 1-22.
[6] 周加仙, 徐宜兰, 张梦润. 敏感性养育行为对儿童脑发育的影响及其神经机制与影响因素[J]. 学前教育研究, 2023, 337(1): 9-18.
Zhou JX, Xu YL, Zhang MR. The effects of sensitive parenting behavior on child′s brain development and its neural mechanisms and factors[J]. Stud Early Child Educ, 2023, 337(1): 9-18. (in Chinese)
[7] Boorman RJ, Creedy DK, Fenwick J, et al. Empathy in pregnant women and new mothers: A systematic literature review[J]. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 2019, 37(1): 84-103.
[8] Ojo KD, Snead R, Burrell L, et al. Sensitive and harsh parenting of infants: Associations with maternal depression, generalized anxiety, and empathic concern[J]. J Child Fam Stud, 2021, 30(12): 2925-2937.
[9] Hart CM, Bush-Evans RD, Hepper EG, et al. The children of narcissus: Insights into narcissists′ parenting styles[J]. Pers Individ Dif, 2017, 117: 249-254.
[10] Liu H, Zhu Y, Cai X, et al. The relationship between maternal and infant empathy: The mediating role of responsive parenting[J]. Front Psychol, 2022, 13: 1061551.
[11] Gonzalez S, Rodriguez CM. Psychosocial resources predicting maternal and paternal positive parenting and lower child abuse risk[J]. Prev Sci, 2023, 24(1): 186-197.
[12] Davis M. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach[J]. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1983, 44(1): 113-126.
[13] Kaz′mierczak M, Pawlicka P, Anikiej-Wiczenbach P, et al. Couples′ empathy and sensitive responsiveness to a crying baby simulator[J]. J Soc Pers Relat, 2024, 41(8): 2323-2344.
[14] Kaz′mierczak M, van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg M. Do empathy and oxytocin predict responsiveness to a crying infant simulator in expecting and non-expecting couples? A multilevel study[J]. Attach Hum Dev, 2022, 24(5): 624-644.
[15] 倪平, 陈京立, 刘娜.护理研究中量性研究的样本量估计[J].中华护理杂志, 2010, 45: 378-380.
Ni P, Chen JL, Liu N. Sample size estimation in quantitative nursing research[J].Chin J Nurs, 2010, 45: 378-380. (in Chinese)
[16] 张凤凤, 董毅, 汪凯,等.中文版人际反应指针量表(IRI-C)的信度及效度研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志, 2010, 18(2): 155-157.
Zhang FF, Dong Y, Wang K, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI-C)[J]. Chin J Clin Psychol, 2010, 18(2): 155-157. (in Chinese)
[17] 黄楹, 张海峰, 童连.婴幼儿回应性照护评价量表的初步编制与评价[J].中国儿童保健杂志, 2022, 30(4): 386-391.
Huang Y, Zhang HF, Tong L.Preliminary development and evaluation of the Responsive Caregiving Rating Scale for Children Aged 0 to 4 Years[J]. Chin J Child Health Care, 2022, 30(4): 386-391. (in Chinese)
[18] Leerkes EM. Predictors of maternal sensitivity to infant distress[J]. Parent Sci Pract, 2010, 10(3): 219-239.
[19] Lin HC, McFatter R. Empathy and distress: Two distinct but related emotions in response to infant crying[J]. Infant Behav Dev, 2012, 35(4): 887-897.
[20] Leerkes E, Sommers S, Bailes L.The Validity of prenatal assessments of mothers′ emotional, cognitive, and physiological reactions to infant cry[J]. Parent Sci Pract, 2022, 22(4): 286-314.
[21] George C, Solomon J. The caregiving system_a behavioral systems approach to parenting[M]. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2008.
[22] Anikiej-Wiczenbach P, Kaz′mierczak M, Czerwiński S. Exploring the key drivers of responsive parenting in mothers and fathers-observed and self-reported responsiveness[J]. Health Psychol Rep, 2024, 12(1): 39-52.
[23] Shalev I, Eran A, Uzefovsky F. Fluctuations and individual differences in empathy interact with stress to predict mental health, parenting, and relationship outcomes[J]. Front Psychol, 2023, 14: 1237278.
[24] Krauthamer Ewing ES, Herres J, Dilks KE, et al. Understanding of emotions and empathy: Predictors of positive parenting with preschoolers in economically stressed families[J]. J Child Fam Stud, 2019, 28(5): 1346-1358.
[25] Kaz′mierczak M, Pawlicka P, Anikiej-Wiczenbach P, et al. Empathy and hormonal changes as predictors of sensitive responsiveness towards infant crying: A study protocol[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021,18(9): 4815.
[26] Reizer A, Mikulincer M. Assessing individual differences in working models of caregiving: The construction and validation of the Mental Representation of Caregiving Scale[J]. J Individ Differ, 2007, 28(4): 227-239.
基金
国家自然科学基金地区项目(72061012);咸阳职业技术学院院级科研项目(2025KJC07)
PDF(543 KB)
