Table of Content

10 July 2024, Volume 32 Issue 7

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Professional Forum

Identification and treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents

CHA Caihui, OU Wanxing

2024, 32(7):  697-699.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0644

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Nonsuicidal self-injury, not aimed at suicide, is more common in adolescents and has various self-injury behaviors. Now there is a lack of effective prevention and treatment methods. The types of self-injury behaviors, risk factors, and the psychological needs of patients and treatment strategies are summarized in this review.

Assessment and management of depression in adolescents

LUO Xuerong, TANG Xinhai, SHEN Yanmei

2024, 32(7):  700-703.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0694

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Adolescent depression is a serious public health issue that affects the mental health of millions of adolescents nationwide. This articleoutlines the current situation of adolescent depression, the challenges in diagnosis, and then introduces the assessment process, including collecting medical history, physical examination, using scales and diagnostic tools for assessment, as well as assessing comorbidities and suicide risk. Treatment should be based on individual′s characteristics and needs, selecting appropriate treatment methods, including psychotherapy, medication, and hospitalization when necessary, inpatient treatment. Psychotherapeutic methods include cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy, while medication treatment requires careful selection of appropriate antidepressants and close monitoring of possible side effects.

Children's social and personality development and the influence of family upbringing

DING Yanhua, FEI Zhixing

2024, 32(7):  704-708.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0693

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Children's social and personality development are influenced by the long-term interaction of nature and nurture. Family is the primary source of influence on Children's early social and personality development. The appropriate combination of two significant dimensions of family upbringing, acceptance/responsiveness and demandingness/control, is stably related to Children's good social and personality development outcomes.

Perspectives on the concept of "neurodiversity" in autism spectrum disorder and related evaluation

JING Jin

2024, 32(7):  709-712.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-0645

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The neurodiversity paradigm has emerged as a focal point in the understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), leading to a re-conceptualization of ASD. This perspective indicates that ASD is a variation rather than a disease or disability. ASD possesses inherent strengths alongside weaknesses or deficits; however, it does not align with the objective of "curing" them through intervention. It is also emphasized that the characterization and definition of ASD should not be confined solely to the medical model but necessitates the development of a suitable social model. This article provides an overview and a concise evaluation of the advancements and key concepts in the pertinent research, with the goal of contributing insights for the re-conceptualization of ASD.

Original Articles

Association between body satisfaction and depressive symptoms in early adolescents

YOU Lijun, ZUO Xiayun, YU Chunyan, LIAN Qiguo, FANG Yuhang, TU Xiaowen, LOU Chaohua

2024, 32(7):  713-717.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1131

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Objective To explore the association between body satisfaction and depressive symptoms among early adolescents in Shanghai, in order to provide evidence for the promotion of mental health among adolescents. Methods A total of 1 704 students from grade 6 to 8 in 3 junior middle schools in Shanghai were recruited into this study from November to December in 2017 by stratified cluster sampling method.Data were collected by anonymous self-administered electronic questionnaire, and the body satisfaction scale and depressive symptom scale were used to collect the body satisfaction and depressive symptoms of the subjects. Results The average score of body satisfaction was 23.03±4.68, ranging from 7 to 35.There were significant differences in body satisfaction score among adolescents with different genders, education level of primary caregivers and perceived academic performance (P<0.05).The average score of depressive symptoms in adolescents was 15.94±5.05, ranging from 6 to 30.There were statistically significant differences in depressive symptoms score among adolescents with different genders, age, whether they were the only child, whether they were separated from their parents and perceived academic performance (P<0.05).Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that body satisfaction was negatively correlated with scores of depressive symptoms and the association was statistically significant (β=-0.35, P<0.05).There was significant difference in the associations between body satisfaction and depressive symptom scores in adolescents of different genders (boys:β=-0.30, girls:β=-0.40), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion There is a significant negative association between body satisfaction and depressive symptoms in early adolescence, improving body satisfaction may help reduce depressive mood in adolescents.

Effects of lifestyle behaviors on psychological and behavioral problems among school-age children

LI Wenjing, MA Qianqian, CHEN Chen, LI Jun, WU Dandan, ZENG Lingxia

2024, 32(7):  718-724.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1250

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Objective To explore the association between lifestyle and psycho-behavioral problems in school-age children,in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention of Children's behavioral problems. Methods Using stratified whole-cluster sampling,1 200 school-age children aged 9 - 13 years in Xi'an were selected for a paper questionnaire survey in May 2023.Their behavioral and emotional problems in the past six months were evaluated using the Youth Self-Report (YSR).Information on basic family situation and lifestyles was collected through self-designed questionnaires on the demographic characteristics of their families and their lifestyles.The correlation between Children's lifestyles and psycho-behavioral problems was explored and validated using the χ² test and binary logistic Logistic regression model. Results The detection rate of psychological and behavioral problems in school-age children in this study was 22.4% (252/1 127).Thinking problems were most prominent among the factors (14.8%),followed by social problems (10.6%).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that picking eating (OR=4.595,95% CI:1.593 - 13.249),doing homework >3h/d (OR=3.644,95%CI:1.640 - 8.096),and screen time >2h/d (OR=2.691,95%CI:1.311 - 5.527) or >3h/d (OR=3.542,95%CI:1.848 - 6.789),and never doing housework (OR=7.477,95%CI:1.372 - 40.733) were risk factors for psychological and behavioral problems in school-age children.Occasional (OR=0.530,95%CI:0.315 - 0.892) or frequent (OR=0.447,95%CI:0.266 - 0.753) participation in physical activity,visiting a healthcare worker (OR=0.205,95%CI:0.115 - 0.365) or a doctor (OR=0.341,95%CI:0.150 - 0.772)in sick,having few illnesses in infancy and early childhood (OR=0.435,95%CI:0.219 - 0.866),and having 4 or more good friends (OR=0.270,95%CI:0.093 - 0.783) reduced the risk of developing psychological and behavioral problems in school-age children. Conclusions Lifestyle of school-age children is closely related to psycho-behavioral problems.Paying attention to Children's thinking and social problems,advocating scientific diet,active exercise,encouraging children to participate in household chores appropriately,reducing video screen time,and controlling undesirable habits will help improve their behavioral problems.

Correlation between negative emotions and strength quality in high school students

ZHANG Yanni, HUANG Xiang, YE Yipeng, LI Xin, PENG Daofu, SONG Yongjing, LIU Ningling, JIANG Jing

2024, 32(7):  725-731.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1264

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Objective To investigate the negative emotions and strength quality of 15- to 18-year-old adolescents, and to analyze the correlation between them, in order to provide reference for improving mental health and strength quality of adolescents. Methods A total of 8 180 adolescents from 28 urban and rural high schools in 7 prefecture-level cities in Hubei and Jiangxi province were investigated in March 2023. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect basic demographic characteristics and negative emotions were assessed using the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Self-rating Scale. χ² test was used to compare the difference of the rate of substandard strength quality among different demographic groups and its association with negative emotions. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to infer the correlation between the rate of substandard strength quality and negative emotions among adolescents. Results The substandard rates of upper extremity, core, lower extremity and comprehensive strength were 18.6%(1 520/8 180), 23.5%(1 926/8 180), 12.0%(1 984/8 180) and 10.0%(816/8 180), respectively. The total detection rate of negative emotion was 17.5%(1 432/8 180).Negative emotions of adolescents were associated with different parts of the individual and comprehensive strength quality, among which depression and anxiety symptoms were positively correlated with upper limb, lower limb and comprehensive strength substandard(depression symptoms:OR=1.47、1.55、1.72 anxiety symptoms:OR=1.35,1.46,1.46), stress symptoms were also positively correlated with substandard lower limb strength(substandard lower limb strength, OR=1.97, P<0.01). In addition, there was a positive correlation between the number of negative emotion items detected and the number of sub-standard comprehensive strength qualities in different parts of the individual(OR: 1.42 - 2.30), and only the substandard strength of lower limbs had a dose-response relationship with the number of detected items(1 item:OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.23 - 1.88; 2 items, OR=1.65, 95%CI: 1.28 - 2.11; 3 items:OR=2.30, 95%CI: 1.60 - 3.31, P<0.05). Conclusions Adolescent negative emotional symptoms may be a risk factor for the decline of strength quality level.It is supposed to closely focus on the impact of comorbidity of multiple mental health symptoms on physical fitness of adolescents.

Development and application of a Social-Emotional and Communicative Assessment Scale for preschool children in China

WANG Jingtao, WU Qian, WEI Wenfei, DONG Kena, WANG Lin, LIU Ling, ZHU Zhongliang, LU Yushan, LI Hui

2024, 32(7):  732-738.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0923

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Objective To develop the Chinese Preschool Children Social Emotional and Communication Development Assessment Scale (CSECA), and to test its reliability and validity, in order to provide an objective standard for early intervention in clinical child care and mental health. Methods The scale development followed internationally recognized procedures and sampled 2 009 children aged 3 - 6 from Xi'an, Foshan, Jiujiang, and Tianshui using convenience sampling from December 2021 to December 2022. Then initial items were generated through interviews, and factor analysis was utilized for item screening and validity testing. Criterion-related validity was assessed through using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as a criterion measure. Results 1) The scale included five dimensions: sense of control, autonomy, emotional management, social skills, and emotional responsiveness, then the scale was divided into four subscales with 22, 24, 26, and 29 items, respectively. All subscales demonstrated good content validity, structural validity, and criterion validity, with cumulative variance contributions ranging from 57.80% to 66.58%. 2) The overall Cronbach′s α coefficients for the subscales ranged from 0.81 to 0.90, with individual dimension coefficients being 0.71 - 0.90. Criterion-related validity of CSECA varied from 0.573 to 0.849. Test-retest reliability for total scores of subscales was 0.78 - 0.89, and 0.51 - 0.58 for dimensions. 3) Scoring standards were categorized into four levels based on percentile ranges: <P₁₀, P₁₀ - P₅₀, P₅₀ - P₉₀, and >P₉₀, which were classified as low, general, good, and excellent level, respectively. 4) The positive rates of early warning signs for social emotional and communication skills were 9.38% for 3-year-old children, 29.44% for 4-year-old children, 11.80% for 5-year-old children, and 8.23% for 6-year-old children, with 4-year-old children displaying a notably higher detection rate in social emotions compared to other age groups. Conclusion The CSECA scale is successfully established and initially applied in clinical settings, which demonstrated a stable factor structure and good reliability and validity.

Development of the Infant and Toddler Developmental Checklist in China

PAN Hongdi, ZHANG Yue, YANG Yufeng, ZHENG Yi, JIN Xingming, JIA Meixiang, JING Jin, SHAO Jie, WANG Huishan

2024, 32(7):  739-745.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1129

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Objective To raise caregivers′ awareness of young Children's mental health and childhood development and promote evidence-based parenting practice, we developed the Infant and Toddler Developmental Checklist, and tested the psychometric validity of the checklist to promote early identification of developmental difficulties. Methods By pooling and screening existing developmental milestones and analyzing the infant and toddler developmental data we collected from a multicenter cross-sectional survey, we selected 5 domains and formed the items for the Infant and Toddler Developmental Checklist. We set the passing age of each item as 75% of the children in this age could achieve a certain behavior. The internal consistency coefficient, retest reliability, and tester reliability were used to evaluate the reliability, and the content validity, criterion validity, and structural validity were used to evaluate the validity. Results We developed the Infant and Toddler Developmental Checklist based on the survey data of 144 developmental milestones of 8010 healthy infants and toddlers in 30 districts and counties of 15 provinces in 2020, and with reference to the schedule of primary public health examination. The checklist consists of 5 dimensions: gross motor, fine motor, language, cognition, and social and self-care, covering 8 times visiting from 0 to 3 years old, with a total of 40 items. In terms of reliability, the scale had a retest reliability of 0.990, a tester reliability ICC value of 0.941, and an internal consistency coefficient Cronbach′s α coefficient of 0.977, indicating that the stability and internal consistency of the checklist were good. In terms of validity, the content validity index I-CVI was 0.820-1 and S-CVI was 0.929, indicating good content validity. We tested the checklist against Gesell using the non-attainment of two milestones in the matched month age group as the discriminant criterion. The result showed the checklist had a sensitivity of 73.6% and a specificity of 80.7%. Conclusion Through this study we established a psycho-behavioral developmental checklist for infants and toddlers, which is aligned with the primary public health examination schedule for children, with good psychometric properties. Our findings and output provided support for evidence-based parenting and family care and early childhood development.

Burden analysis and model prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019

CHEN Shun, LIN Xuemei, YUAN Qiaoying, LIU Fang, XIAO Shufang, LE Xiaojing, ZHANG Man, LI Xian

2024, 32(7):  746-751.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1027

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Objective To analyze the disease burden of type 1 diabetes(T1DM) among Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019, and to predict its future trend, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of disease burden caused by T1DM in children and adolescents. Methods Data on the incidence rate, prevalence rate, mortality rate, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to T1DM among individuals aged under 20 years from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database.Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine the trends in these parameters.Furthermore, Grey Prediction Model GM(1,1) was utilized to forecast the disease burden for the upcoming 20 years. Results In 2019, the incidence rate, the prevalence rate and the mortality rate of T1DM among children and adolescents in China was 5.22/10⁵, 49.17/10⁵, and 0.07/10⁵, respectively, and the DALY rate was 7.82/10⁵, which were all lower than the global average.In 2019, the incidence and mortality rates of T1DM among male children and adolescents in China were higher than those of females, while the DALYs rate was lower than that of females.Notably, within the age group of 5 - 9 years old, the incidence rate for T1DM was the highest at 7.30/10⁵, and the mortality rate was highest among children under 1 year old, reaching 0.33/10⁵.The Joinpoint regression model revealed an upward trend in the incidence and prevalence rates of T1DM among children and adolescents in China from 1990 to 2019, with average annual percentage changes (AAPC) of 1.44% and 1.05%, respectively.Conversely, the mortality rate and DALY rate exhibited a significantly decreasing trend (P<0.05), with AAPCs of -4.30% and -3.45%, respectively.The forecasted outcomes indicated a notable increase in the incidence and prevalence rates of T1DM among Chinese children and adolescents from 2020 to 2039. Conclusions The incidence and prevalence rates of T1DM among children and adolescents in China have shown an upward trend from 1990 to 2019.It is essential to continue implementing proactive preventive measures to alleviate the disease burden.

Application of earlier motion and growth indicators on the screening of autism spectrum disorder

CONG Yan, WANG Hao, WANG Dong, YU Luting, ZHU Xiaochun

2024, 32(7):  752-756.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0976

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Objective To analyze the early motor development of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD),in order to provide clinical basis for early identification of ASD. Methods A 1∶1 case-control study was conducted.A total of 33 ASD children and 33 healthy children with the same sex and with age difference less than 1 month were included in the study from Yiwu Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2022 to September 2023.The motor quotient of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale and the risk factors of parenting were analyzed and compared. Results Gross motor quotient (GMQ),fine motor quotient (FMQ),total motion quotient (TMQ) of ASD group were significantly lower than those of control group (t=2.068,2.625,2.563, P<0.05).Specifically,the postural items score of the gross motor (t=3.882) and the grip items score of the fine motor (t=3.042) were significantly lower than the control group (P＜0.05),and there were no significant differences in other area criteria(P>0.05).The GMQ of ASD boys was significantly lower than ASD girls (t=2.219,P<0.05),there were no significant differences in FMQ and TMQ (P>0.05).There were 6 cases (18.18%) in ASD children and 2 cases (6.06%) in control group having parenting risk within 6 months old,but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion As ASD children have delayed gross and fine motor development in infancy,primary healthcare professionals should be alert to the delayed motor development indicators,especially with abnormal head posture control and hand grasping,so as to assist in the early diagnosis of ASD when they undertake the primary screening service.

Review

Impact of family harm on the development of Children's early mental cognition and social adaptability

LIU Sijia, HUANG Chuican, FAN Lichun

2024, 32(7):  757-761.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0916

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Family serves as the primary context for a child′s daily life,with family harm emerging as a significant factor influencing early psychological cognitive and social adaptability development in children and adoleacents.This issue has become a serious public concern due to its potential to jeopardize the holistic well-being of children,garnering attention from scholars globally.Despite this,there remains a gap in the domestic literature regarding the comprehensive exploration of the association of family harm with the developmental aspects of early psychological cognitive and social adaptability abilities in children.The article provides a summary and review of the theories,main content,and impact on the cognitive and social adaptive development of children and adolescents regarding family harm,aiming to enhance scholars′understanding of family harm in our country and collectively promote the healthy growth of children and adolescents.

Effects of prenatal stress on the neurobehavioral development of offspring

YUAN Qiufang, LIU Tao

2024, 32(7):  762-766.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0814

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Pregnancy is a special period for women both physically and psychologically, during which they may experience various stressors.Persistent or severe prenatal stress not only adversely affects the mother, but also impairs the offspring′s brain structure and function, increasing the risk of neuropsychological development disorders, such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and learning and memory impairment, etc.This review summarizes the commonly used animal models of prenatal stress, and the research progress on the effects and mechanisms of prenatal stress on the development of offspring.In addition, the possible future research directions are discussed and prospected, so as to provide new ideas for the intervention of adverse neurobehavior in offspring after prenatal stress.

Effect and mechanism of food diversity in the prevention of food allergy in infancy

CHEN Liyu, HU Yan, ZHANG Xuan

2024, 32(7):  767-771.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0855

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Food allergy is a common chronic disease in childhood.The role of solid food introduction in the prevention of allergic diseases has attracted widespread attention in scholars.In recent years, the guidelines for the prevention of infant food allergy have changed.This article reviews the effect and possible mechanism of introducing diversified foods in early infancy to prevent food allergy, so as to provide help for clinical prevention of food allergy.

Research progress of comorbidity urinary incontinence in children with cerebral palsy

LIU Jiahao, GUO Jin, GONG Chao, FANG Liya, LIAN Beibei, LI Jiawei, LIU Yuanyuan

2024, 32(7):  772-777.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1075

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic, non-progressive brain injury characterized by autonomic dyskinesia due to prenatal developmental abnormalities or perinatal or postpartum central nervous system damage.Urinary incontinence is one of the common urinary problems in children with CP, which has a negative impact on the recovery process and quality of life.This review summarizes the epidemiology, assessment, diagnosis, risk factors and treatment of urinary incontinence in children with CP, so as to provide reference for reducing the influence of risk factors and taking early intervention to improve the possibility of urinary self-control in children with CP.

Meta Analysis

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with depressive symptoms

XU Ting, LIU Penghong, LI Shufeng, GAO Shengli, LIU Lixia

2024, 32(7):  778-784.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0880

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Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy(iCBT) for adolescents with depressive symptoms, so as to provide reference for clinical practice. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, VIP database were systematically searched to capture relevant randomized controlled trials(RCTs) from database inception to February 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved literature, then extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias of the eligible RCTs. Statistical analysis was performed by RevMan 5.4.1 and the Metafor package of R 4.3.0 software. Results Twelve RCTs involving 2 469 participants were included. For the intergroup comparison of depressive symptoms score of posttreatment, the intervention group decreased significantly more than the control group(SMD = -0.63, 95% CI:-0.93 - -0.33, P<0.05) when the treatment course ≤ 8 weeks, but the change of intervention group and control group was not significant(SMD=-0.23, 95% CI: -0.49 - 0.04, P>0.05) when the treatment course>8 weeks. For the intergroup comparison of depressive symptoms score of long-term follow-up, the intervention group decreased significantly more than the control group(SMD =-0.28, 95% CI: -0.53 - -0.02, P<0.05). In addition, there were no statistically significant difference when comparing the depressive symptoms scores of the intervention group before and after the long-term follow-up(SMD =0.13, 95% CI: -0.03 - 0.29, P>0.05). Conclusions iCBT can alleviate depressive symptoms in adolescents and the efficacy of iCBT on depressive symptoms can be sustained for a long time. It is recommended to promote iCBT in clinical practice.

Clinical Research

Correlation of early parent-child interaction and sleep time with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children

CAO Hui, YAN Shuangqin, GAO Guopeng, WANG Sumei, XIE Liangliang, JIANG Liu, XIE Fangfang, TAO Fangbiao

2024, 32(7):  785-789.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1390

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Objective To explore the correlation of early parent-child interaction and sleep time with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children,in order to provide evidence for promoting the development of Children's mental health. Methods Children aged 3 years who underwent normal physical examination in Ma′anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2019 to May 2020 were selected to collect information about parent-child interaction and sleep status through questionnaires.Emotional and behavioral problems were investigated in patients who came to the clinic for continued medical examination during the period of 5 to 7 years of age.A total of 399 valid questionnaires were collected.Pearson χ² test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results After adjusting for demographic information,lower score of early parent-child interaction was a risk factor for peer interaction(OR=2.30,95%CI:1.16 - 4.58) and emotional and behavioral problems(OR=2.76,95%CI:1.54 - 4.95).Children with total sleep time ＜12h/d were more likely to have peer interaction (OR=2.26,95%CI:1.22 - 4.20) and emotional and behavioral problems (OR=1.73,95%CI:1.04 - 2.87).Combined effect showed that children with lower score of early parent-child interaction and sleep time <12h/d had a higher risk of developing peer interaction (OR=5.30,95% CI:1.53 - 18.27),emotional and behavioral abnormalities (OR=6.23,95% CI:2.15 - 18.45). Conclusions Poor quality of early parent-child interaction and insufficient sleep time have adverse effects on preschool Children's emotional and behavioral problems,which should be given more attention.

Status quo and influencing factors of depression among middle school students in Qingdao

LIU Yan, CHEN Jie, LI Xin, CHEN Jian

2024, 32(7):  790-794.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1273

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Objective To analyze the situation and influencing factors of depression among middle school students in Qingdao,in order to provide a scientific basis for the intervention and effective management of middle school students′mental health. Methods In 2019 and 2020,a total of 7 765 middle school students from every district of Qingdao were randomly selected into this study,and completed a questionnaire survey on the mental health status.Finally,data of 7 749 students (4 036 boys and 3 713 girls) were included in the analysis.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of depression. Results The detection rate of depression among middle school students in Qingdao is 58.21% (4 511/7 749).Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that high school (OR=1.65,95%CI:1.45 - 1.88),female (OR=1.30,95%CI:1.17 - 1.44) were associated with increased detection of depression (P<0.05),while vocational high school (OR=0.68,95%CI:0.55 - 0.85),intake of fresh fruit more than twice a day (OR=0.34,95%CI:0.26 - 0.44),intake of vegetable more than twice a day (OR=0.84,95%CI:0.75 - 0.93) and moderate to vigorous exercise for60min ≥2d/week (OR=0.11,95%CI:0.09 - 0.13) were protective factors for the detection of depression(P<0.05). Conclusions The detection rate of depression among middle school students in Qingdao is high.Grade,gender,frequency of fresh fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity are associated with the detection of depression.It is necessary to take more targeted measures to reduce the occurrence of depression and promote the healthy growth of adolescents.

Sleep patterns of 717 infants and toddlers aged 0 - 35 months in Nanchang

MENG Senling, DING Yuan

2024, 32(7):  795-798.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1130

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Objective To investigate the sleep status of infants and toddlers aged 0 - 35 months in Nanchang,in order to provide evidence for early sleep healthcare and development of good sleep behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted,and healthy infants who underwent physical examination in Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital from August 2021 to November 2022 were included.Parents were asked to complete Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ),then sleep-related factors were analyzed. Results Among the 717 infants in Nanchang city,23.7% slept in child beds,3.6% fell asleep independently,38.6% of infants went to bed before 21:00,82.1% of infants had regular sleep,and 56.6% of infants slept on their backs before the age of 1 year.The average sleep duration was (9.02±1.33) hours at night,(3.49±1.68) hours during the day,and (12.51±1.81) hours throughout the day,and 79.9% were within the recommended range.The proportion of latency period <20 minutes was 49.7%,and 57.4% of children aged 1 year and older had normal nighttime awakenings.As the age increased,the duration of daytime sleep (F=128.070),total sleep duration (F=68.615),and night waking duration (H=95.948) gradually decreased accordingly (P＜0.05).Compared to the 0 - 3 months group,the 4 - 11 months and 12 - 35 months groups had more regular sleep pattern and longer nighttime sleep duration.The proportion of children falling asleep before 21:00 was the lowest in the 12 - 35 months group,with a reduction in falling asleep through feeding,rocking,and cuddling compared to the other two groups,along with a decrease in nocturnal awakenings.The proportion of children falling asleep before 21:00 was the highest in the 4 - 11 months group,with a shorter latency period and a lower percentage (<20 minutes) compared to the other two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions There are many poor sleep behaviors among infants and toddlers aged 0 - 35 months in Nanchang.It is recommended to start early strengthening sleep education and anticipatory guidance for caregivers to foster good sleep habits in infants and toddlers.

Retrospective study of axial length growth in myopic students during online classes

LIU Xiaoqing, CHEN Yanwei

2024, 32(7):  799-804.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-1064

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Objective To analyze the variability of axial length(AL) growth in children wearing orthokeratology(OK lenses) and single-vision spectacles(SV) during online classes compared to normal school attendance, in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of myopia. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in children wearing OK lenses(Lucid) and SV for more than one year during their regular check-ups at Ruijin Hospital from November 2021 to January 2023. AL data of the OK lenses group were retrieved at five check-ups: 3 months before the start of the online classes, before the start of the online classes, at the end of the online classes, 3 months after the end of the online classes, and at 6 months after the end of the online classes. AL of the four durations were recorded as AL₁, AL₂, AL₃, and AL₄, respectively. The control group was composed of children wearing SV matched by age, gender, and spherical equivalent. Differences in AL and annual mean AL growth between the two groups during the online classes and in normal classes were compared, and the data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Results A total of 100 eyes of 51 children in the OK lenses group and 71 eyes of 36 children in the SV group were included in the analysis. In the OK lenses group, the median values of AL₁, AL₂, AL₃, and AL₄ were 0.04, 0.09, 0.06mm, and 0.04mm, respectively. The mean AL annual growth rates in the OK lenses group(D_AL2) was0.20,0.39,0.25mm/y和0.19mm/y, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(H=37.190,27.970,P<0.001). The D_AL2 was 10.57, 13.69, 5.63(10^-4 mm) in the three age groups(≤10, 11~12, and ≥13 years old), respectively, with a statistically significant difference(P<0.001). Conclusion During the period of blocked online classes, the AL of children wearing OK lenses grows faster than usual, and the younger the age, the faster the growth.

Case Report

Au-Kline syndrome caused byHNRNPK gene novel mutations:a case report and literature review

XU Dan, CHEN Yao-yao, GAN Ling, CAO Tian-si, CHU Man-man, WANG Jun-ling, JIA Tian-ming, ZHANG Xiao-li

2024, 32(7):  809-812.  DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2023-0867

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