Objective To investigate the effect of discharge planning under the guidance of Peplau interpersonal theory in children with type Ⅰ diabetes. Methods A total of 78 children with type Ⅰ diabetes from the department of pediatric endocrinology in a top three hospital from July 2014 to July 2016 were selected as the participants,and were divided into two groups with 39 children in each group. Routine group was given convention care,and the experimental group implemented a discharge planning based on Peplau's interpersonal relationship theory. The level of HbA1c,main caregivers' knowledge on diabetes and the rate of re-hospitalization between the two groups on the second day of admission,at discharge,at 1 month after discharge,at 6 months after discharge were compared; The rate of passing HbA1c at different time points in the experimental group was compared; The scores of caregivers' knowledge between the two groups at different time points were compared. Results The passing rate of HbA1c in observation group was significantly higher than that in routine group (P<0.05); And the passing rate of HbA1cb of observation group on 1 day before discharge,1 month after discharge and 6 months after discharge were significantly different (P<0.001); The knowledge scores of the observation group at different time points before and after the intervention were significantly difference (P<0.05);The re-hospitalization rate of the two groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusions The discharge plan based on Peplau's interpersonal relationship theory can meet the clinical needs of children with type I diabetes,improve the level of long-term blood glucose control. It is worth promoting because of its good effect.