Object To investigate the incidence and impact factors of neglect for rural elementary and middle school students in Xuzhou,and to provide scientific basis for making a scientific interventions to reduce the incidence of neglect for rural elementary and middle school students. Method Two towns were randomly selected in Xuzhou,and a primary and a junior high school were selected from one township,and a high school from another township,one class was selected form each grade,scale of "Projection of Neglect Experiences for Rural Elementary and Middle School Students in China" was applied to investigate the incidence and impact factors of neglect for rural elementary and middle school students. Results A total of 533 students were investigated,in which 112 was from Grade 1~3 (age groups 6~8 years old),139 was from Grade 4~6 (age groups 9~11 years old),282 was from junior and senior school (age groups 12~17 years old),the total incidence of neglect was 25.3 %,26.7%,38.5% respectively.Chi-square analysis showed the incidence of neglect was colosly related with those factors,such as parents' workplace often changed,relationship of teenagers with their parents,and only-child or not. Conclusions In order to create a harmonious parent-child relationship,and reduce the incidence of neglect for elementary and middle school students,parents should provide a stable family environment for their children,and pay more attention to adolescence students whose physical and mental development are more special.