摘要
结合国外实证研究和对儿童认知与情绪发展水平考虑,把0~5岁儿童嫉妒发展划分为以下三个阶段:6~12个月,初级形式嫉妒;1~3岁,无区分嫉妒;3~5岁(尤其是3.5岁后),有区分嫉妒。6~12个月儿童因认知水平有限,尚不能理解母亲关注另一儿童对自己与母亲关系所造成的影响,但本能地表现出抗议和接近母亲的行为。1~3岁儿童随认知能力发展,已经可以理解母亲与另一儿童关系对自己与母亲之间亲密关系会造成干扰,因此对夺取母亲注意的“霸占者”表现出强烈嫉妒。但这种嫉妒尚未分化,对同龄儿童和比自己小的儿童会表现出同等程度的嫉妒反应。对于3~5岁儿童来说,嫉妒反应已经分化,对同龄儿童嫉妒程度远超过比自己小的儿童,且与1~3岁儿童相比,嫉妒反应更加温和。
关键词
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参考文献
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[2] Draghi-Lorenz R, Reddy V, Costall A. Re-thinking the development of "non-basic" emotions: A critical review of existing theories[J]. Developmental Review,2001,21:263-304.
[3] Case R, Hayward S, Lewis M, et al. Toward a neo-piagetian Theory of cognitive and emotional development[J]. Developmental Review,1988,8:1-51.
[4] Pfeiffer SP. Multidimensional jealousy[J]. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,1989,6:181-196.
[5] Masciuch S, Kienapple K. The emergence of jealousy in children 4 months to 7 years of age[J]. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,1993,10:421-435.
[6] Hart S, Field T, del Valle C. Infants protest their mothers' attending to an infant-size doll[J]. Social Development,1998,7:54-61.
[7] Fogel A. Infancy: infant, family, and society[M].4th ed. CT: Wadsworth,2001.
[8] Hart S, Carrington HA. Jealousy in six-month-old infants[J]. Infancy,2002,3:395-402.
[9] Sybil LH, Heather AC, Tronick, EZ, et al. When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy[J]. Infancy,2004,6(1):57-78.
[10] Brazelton TB. Infants and mothers: differences in development[M]. New York: Delacorte,1983.
[11] Miller AL, Volling BL, McElwain NL. Sibling jealousy in a triadic context with mothers and fathers[J]. Social Development,2000,9:433-457.
[12] Case R. Intellectual development: birth to adulthood[M]. New York: Academic,1985.
[13] Robey K, Cohen B, Epstein Y. The child's response to affection given to someone else: effects of parental divorce, sex of child, and sibling position[J]. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,1988,17:2-7.
[14] Izard CE, Dougherty LM, Hembree EA. A system for identifying affect expressions by holistic judgements(Affex)[M]. Newark: University of Delaware, University Media Services,1980:1-50.
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