Objective To explore antibiotics encephalopathy clinical features in pediatric patients caused by overdose antibiotic applications and with clinical differential viral encephalitis. Methods Using HIS system to retrieve and access to medical records,a review of a hospital clinical diagnosis from January 20,2009 to 2011 June 20 collected 504 cases of children with viral encephalitis,records the history of clinical use of drugs in children,disease,and evolution of clinical test results,and analysed the children antibiotics encephalopathy clinical features and children with viral encephalitis identify. Results The children antibiotics encephalopathy was directly related to overdose use of antibiotics,clinical manifestations of vomiting,unconsciousness,convulsions,diarrhea,meningeal irritation,laboratory tests,pathogenic examination and brain imaging tests were negative cerebrospinal fluid pressure,white blood cell count (>200),procalcitonin (PCT) were lower compared with viral encephalitis.Data of the two groups of children were statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusions Children overdose antibiotics encephalopathy is direct,strictly adhere to the indications for the use of antibiotics,type and dosage are the keys to prevention;fully understand children with antibiotics combined with laboratory tests,pathogenic examination and imaging tests of the brain tissue are reliable basis for identification of viral encephalitis.