Objective To establish percentile reference standards for kidney dimensions by sex and age for healthy children aged 6 to 12 years,in order to provide reference for the assessment of child kidney development and diagnosis of related diseases. Methods A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and in May 2023, a cluster random sampling method was used to select healthy children aged 6 to 12 years from two primary schools in Tongzhou District, Beijing, as the study population. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure the bilateral kidney dimensions of the participants. The Lambda-Mu-Sigma(LMS) method based on skewness, location, and variation smoothing, was used to establish percentile growth curve models for kidney length, width, and thickness by sex and age for both the left and right kidneys, thereby obtaining percentile reference values for kidney dimensions in healthy children aged 6 to 12 years. Results A total of 2 193 healthy children with a mean age of (9.0±1.7) years were included, among which 1 166(53.2%) were boys. Growth curve models for kidney dimensions in children were established using the LMS method, yielding percentile reference standards for kidney dimensions by sex and age for children aged 6 to 12 years, including length, width, and thickness for both the left and right kidneys. The length, width, and thickness of children′s kidneys increased with age. The length and thickness of the left kidney were greater than those of the right kidney, while the width was smaller. Conclusions This study developed percentile reference standards for kidney length, width, and thickness by sex and age for healthy children aged 6 to 12 years, which can be used for assessing kidney development levels and as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for related kidney diseases in children.
Key words
children /
kidney size /
ultrasound /
reference standard /
cross-sectional study
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