Objective To understand the physical development deviation and common diseases status of preschool children in an urban area of Xi′an city,so as to provide reference for children health care work. Methods A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select 6 862 children from 17 kindergartens in a district of Xi′an in 2017.The researchers were admitted to the kindergarten for physical examination from March to September,and 6 595 eligible results of children were finally analyzed. Results The rates of growth retardation,low body weight and wasting rate were 0.23%,0.14% and 0.94%,respectively.And the rates of overweight,obesity,dental caries and anemia were 12.87%,11.89%,15.51% and 5.14%,respectively.Boys had lower rates of body weight and obesity than girls (P<0.01).With the increase of age,the detection rate of growth retardation,low body weight,obesity,dental caries and anemia increased (P<0.001).Meantime,the rates of growth retardation,obesity and anemia of children in private kindergartens were higher than those in public kindergartens (P<0.01). Conclusion The proportion of dystrophy in preschool children in this district is relatively lower,and the rates of reaching standard of height and weight need to be further improved.Moreover,the absolute number of dental caries and anemia should not be ignored