Objective To understand the difference of the neurodevelopment and mental development between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposed infants and HIV non-exposed,in order to provide reference for making up intervention measures to improve their health. Methods One year old infants born from Jul.2010 to Nov.2013 by women with HIV positive were selected as exposure group,and matching the same age infants with HIV negative mothers.The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-Ⅲ) was used to assess comprehensive development of the sampled babies.A questionnaire survey was conducted on infant care givers. Results Except for language scale,the HIV exposed group got lower scores in cognitive scale,motor scale,social-emotion scale and adaptive behavior scale (94.09,96.27,79.60 and 86.09) than the non-exposed group(101.36,98.52,93.86 and 92.89,P<0.01).The percentages of infants with social-emotion scale and adaptive behavior scale below edge in exposure group (45.45% and 38.64%) were significantly higher than those of the non-exposure group (22.73% and 15.91%). Conclusion HIV exposure may affect neurodevelopment and mental development of infant,and the comprehensive health care,especially neurodevelopment and mental care,need to be improved for HIV exposed children.